June 2, 2025 • 14 mins
In this episode of Daily Value, we look at the often overlooked yet potent nutrient, alpha lipoic acid, which is integral to mitochondrial energy metabolism and cellular health. Discovered in 1937, ALA acts as a primary antioxidant in the body. This episode covers the distinction(s) between supplemental and endogenous ALA. The latter is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and is used therapeutically for conditions like diabetic neuropathy, oxidative stress, and metal detoxification. I will also explain the importance of selecting the right form of ALA , recommended dosages for different formulations and their potential benefits in metabolic health.
00:00 Introduction to Alpha Lipoic Acid
00:53 Discovery and Biological Role
02:05 Antioxidant Properties and Functions
03:28 Supplemental Benefits and Research
06:28 Forms and Bioavailability
09:52 Therapeutic Threshold and Dosing
11:27 Safety and Efficacy
13:14 Conclusion and Recommendations
PMID: 39456481
PMID: 18069903
PMID: 29191830
PMID: 25971966
Mark as Played
Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:00):
Inside every cell of your body, hidden deep within
the mitochondria, there is apowerful nutrient quietly
fueling your energy, protectingyour brain and supporting your
metabolism.
It's conditionally essential,yet often completely overlooked,
even by many health enthusiasts.
Today, we're looking at whylipoic acid might just be the
most underrated compound thatyou're not paying attention to.
(00:20):
Hello everyone, and welcomeback to Daily Value.
I'm William Wallace, and todaywe are looking at one of the
most underrated compounds thatyou may not be paying attention
to, that being alpha lipoic acid.
(00:41):
Originally called thioctic acid, but also known simply as
lipoic acid, is a uniquelypotent compound with very
important functions deeplyembedded within our cellular
machinery.
First discovered in 1937, whenscientists found a type of
bacteria that uses potato juicefor reproduction, this
antioxidant is naturallyoccurring within our
(01:04):
mitochondria, where it serves asa necessary cofactor from
mitochondrial energy metabolismof all three major
macronutrients proteins, carbsand fats.
Essentially, cells cannot makeenergy at all without lipoic
acid.
Lipoic acid is a self-madeprimary antioxidant in the body,
and what I mean by that is, ofall the compounds our body makes
(01:28):
.
Lipoic acid sits in a class ofprimary antioxidant compounds
that include carnitine, nadh,glutathione and coenzyme Q10.
This class of compounds doesnot include enzymes or hormones.
If we were including hormones,then something like melatonin
would certainly join that group.
This compound is also presentin dietary sources like red meat
(01:48):
, beets, carrots, potatoes,spinach, as well as broccoli.
Structurally, lipoic acid isinteresting.
It exists in two forms insidethe body.
There is its oxidized form,alpha-lipoic acid, and its
reduced form calleddihydrolipoic acid.
Alpha-lipoic acid and itsreduced form, called
dihydrolipoic acid.
Together they form anantioxidant system capable of
(02:09):
quenching a variety of reactiveoxygen species and regenerating
other necessary antioxidantslike vitamins E and C and
glutathione.
Due to its multifunctionalabilities, lipoic acid is
commonly called the antioxidantof antioxidants.
Again, endogenous lipoic acidis produced naturally within our
mitochondria.
When inside the mitochondria,it does, remain tightly bound to
(02:33):
mitochondrial enzyme complexes,primarily proteins like
pyruvate dehydrogenase andalpha-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase.
These enzyme-bound forms oflipoic acid facilitate important
metabolic reactions, convertingcarbohydrates and amino acids
into usable energy.
Importantly, because endogenouslipoic acid is protein-bound,
(02:56):
it generally remains withinmitochondria, with limited
ability to travel outside intoother cellular compartments or
extracellular spaces.
In addition to all of that,lipoic acid's amphiphilic nature
meaning it can dissolve in bothwater and fat theoretically
enables penetration into diversecellular environments.
(03:16):
However, and again endogenouslipoic acid's protein-bound
nature restricts its mobility,which contrasts a bit from the
recorded effects withsupplemental forms of lipoic
mobility, which contrasts a bitfrom the recorded effects with
supplemental forms of lipoicacid, which are freely available
and can exert additionalbeneficial effects throughout
the body, even crossing theblood-brain barrier, to provide
neuroprotective benefits.
(03:36):
Recent research hasdemonstrated the diverse
therapeutic potentials of lipoicacid, ranging from
neuroprotection to improvedmetabolic health, positioning
itself not just as anantioxidant but as an essential
regulator of cellular health andpossibly longevity.
This nuanced distinctionbetween naturally occurring
mitochondrial-bound lipoic acidand its supplemental counterpart
(04:00):
will be important as we look atthe broader implications and
unique benefits ofsupplementation later in this
episode.
While endogenous lipoic acid istightly bound to mitochondrial
proteins, restricting itsantioxidant functions largely to
mitochondrial environments,supplemental lipoic acid seems
to unlock functions that yourown body's supply cannot.
(04:22):
Basically, supplemental lipoicacid is free to work beyond the
mitochondria.
When taken orally, ala rapidlyachieves peak plasma levels
within 30 to 60 minutes,traversing both lipidic that's
fat-based and aqueous that'swater-based cellular
compartments efficiently.
Due to its amphipathicproperties, supplemental ALA is
(04:45):
capable of neutralizing reactiveoxygen species such as
superoxide radicals, singletoxygen and hydroxyl radicals.
Specifically, in its reducedform, dihydrolipoate
alpha-lipoic acid exhibitsstrong antioxidant actions,
making it highly beneficial forconditions associated with
oxidative stress, includingischemia, reperfusion, injury,
(05:07):
radiation damage, etc.
The therapeutic potential ofsupplemental ALA extends beyond
its antioxidant properties.
It significantly enhancesnitric oxide mediated
endothelium-dependentvasodilation, which improves
microcirculation, particularlyvaluable in managing something
like diabetic neuropathy.
(05:27):
Actually, there's pretty robustclinical data supporting its
use for reducing neuropathicsymptoms, which demonstrates its
unique role in diabeticmanagement.
Another distinct advantage ofsupplemental ALA is its
excellent metal chelationproperties attributed to its
theol groups.
By increasing cellularglutathione levels, ala and
(05:50):
dihydrolipoate facilitate theexcretion of toxic metals, with
dihydrolipoate specificallyforming complexes with metals
like iron, copper, lead andmercury.
Thus it aids in detoxification.
Thus it aids in detoxification.
Lepoic acid also regeneratesother antioxidant factors like
(06:12):
vitamins C and E and glutathione, as I mentioned before.
In addition to that, lepoicacid is actually needed to
cleave a compound calledcysteine.
This is two cysteine aminoacids bound together into
individual cysteine units, whichallows them to enter a cell and
be used to make glutathione.
Supplemental lipoic acid doesseem to offer health benefits,
(06:32):
but selecting the right form isimportant for efficacy.
Lipoic acid naturally occurs asthe RN antimer called R-lipoic
acid or RLA, which is thebiologically active form that is
utilized by your cells.
Which is the biologicallyactive form that is utilized by
your cells.
Actually, all known biologicalsystems that utilize lipoic acid
rely exclusively on the R form.
(06:54):
However, most commerciallyavailable supplements contain
what are called racemic mixtures, which is 50% R lipoic acid and
50% S lipoic acid.
This mixture has traditionallybeen favored due to its simpler
and cost-effective production.
It also seems like the additionof S-lipoic acid, which is a
(07:14):
natural byproduct of thechemical synthesis of lipoic
acid, does make it moreshelf-stable compared to RLA by
itself.
There have been binding studiesthat confirm the specific
interaction between thebiologically active R form and
the human sodium multivitamintransporter.
This transporter specificallyrecognizes and transports the RN
(07:37):
antimer, reinforcing theimportance of choosing the
correct supplemental form foroptimal absorption and systemic
efficacy.
Importantly, pharmacokineticstudies do show significant
differences between these twoforms.
The S-form is thought to bebiologically inactive and some
researchers suggest that it mayalso interfere with the
(07:59):
absorption and beneficialeffects of the R-form.
When taken together, the S-formmight competitively inhibit the
absorption of the R-form,reducing its bioavailability.
In addition, and again purearlopoic acid itself faces
stability challenges.
It has a tendency to polymerize.
Polymerize means to join smallmolecules together, called
(08:21):
monomers together, to form alarge chain or network of
chemicals.
This results in poor watersolubility and significantly
limited bioavailability.
This instability hashistorically hindered its
therapeutic application, despiteits superior biological
activity.
To overcome these issues, aform of arlipoic acid stabilized
(08:43):
by sodium was developed.
This is known assodium-stabilized arlipoic acid.
Clinical pharmacokinetic data doshow compelling advantages for
sodium RLA.
Firstly, sodium arlipoic acidsignificantly reduces the
polymerization tendency,ensuring superior stability and
water solubility compared topure RLA.
(09:04):
A study published by Carlson etal in 2007 showed that sodium
arlipoic acid achievesdramatically higher plasma
concentrations and totalabsorption, measured by area
under the curve, compared topure RLA or racemic lipoic acid,
meaning the S and R combinationform.
Specifically, when 600milligrams of sodium arlopoic
(09:28):
acid was given to participantswho, a few weeks later, were
given pure arlopoic acid, thepeak values in plasma were
approximately 10-25% greatercompared to standard RLA, and it
reached peak plasmaconcentrations within 10-20
minutes after ingestion.
Availability of sodium RLA was2.7 to 3.3 times greater than
(09:51):
standard RLA.
Now, an important factor thatneeds to be considered for the
therapeutic efficacy of lipoicacid is the concept of a
therapeutic threshold, definedas the minimum plasma
concentration that's required toinitiate the chain of
protective biochemical reactionsthat lipoic acid has been
documented to perform.
(10:12):
Basically, you may need tospike ALA in your system to
trigger beneficial metaboliccascades.
Research does indicate thatmaintaining plasma
concentrations above thistherapeutic threshold, that's
approximately 4 to 5 microgramsper milliliter, might be
necessary for triggeringantioxidant and
anti-inflammatory pathways,enhancing glucose uptake and
(10:35):
improving overall metabolichealth.
Sodium RLA has been shown to beuniquely suited to consistently
surpass this threshold atpractical dosing levels.
An oral dose of approximately150 milligrams of sodium RLA is,
on average, capable ofachieving plasma concentrations
that breach for micrograms permilliliter.
A 300 milligram dose has beenshown to put nearly everyone
(10:58):
over the therapeutic threshold.
In contrast, internal data by acompany that supplies the main
form of sodium allopoic acid onthe market suggests that even
1,000 milligrams of standard RLAcannot breach the therapeutic
threshold of 4 micrograms permilliliter.
According to the FDA, ala issafe and effective.
(11:21):
Alpha-lipoic acid is widelyavailable as an oral supplement
and in intravenous formulations.
Now, while the data that wasreferenced does suggest the
superiority of stabilizedarlopoic acid, it is important
to recognize that significantclinical research has been
conducted using racemic mixturesof R and S-lipoic acid, which
(11:42):
still show therapeutic potential.
Clinical studies typicallyadminister ALA orally in doses
ranging from 300 milligrams to1,800 milligrams daily.
Oral supplementation at 300milligrams over three months has
been demonstrated to maintainand improve functional vision in
patients with type 1 and type 2diabetes.
There have been other studiesconducted showing that 600 to
(12:06):
1,800 milligrams administereddaily for up to six months may
be particularly effective inmanaging diabetic neuropathy and
improving insulin sensitivity.
Clinical trials have shown IVadministration of 600 milligrams
per day can significantlyimprove neuropathic symptoms and
deficits, suggesting that IVtherapy may be particularly
(12:26):
effective for rapid symptomrelief and significant
neuropathic improvements.
Available research doesindicate that ALA
supplementation during pregnancyis safe, although more data is
needed to clearly define itsrole and optimal dosing
parameters for that particulardemographic.
Studies report that adults cantolerate oral doses of up to
2,400 milligrams daily withoutadverse reactions.
(12:48):
Beyond that, there is a risk ofadverse reactions, including
headache, heartburn, nausea andpossibly vomiting.
While racemic forms of ALA havebeen demonstrated to show
beneficial clinical outcomes,selection of appropriate dosages
, forms, attention to specificpatient populations and
adherence to recommended dosingguidelines are important to
(13:10):
ensure both safety and efficacyof taking ALA.
In conclusion, when selectinglipoic acid supplements,
understanding dosing and thedifferences between formulations
is key to achieving benefit.
Recommended daily oral doses ofstabilized arlipoic acid are
generally 150 to 300 milligramsper day.
(13:30):
This form is unique in that ithas higher bioavailability,
superior stability andconsistent achievement of
therapeutic plasmaconcentrations.
Recommended daily oral doses ofS and R combination forms are
between 300 and 1,800 milligramsper day.
This is what has typically beenused in clinical studies.
Advantages here are establishedsafety and efficacy profiles.
(13:55):
Also, this form of ALA iswidely available and it's pretty
cost-effective.
Supplementation can generallysupport neuroprotection,
antioxidant defense, metabolicimprovements and diabetic
neuropathy.
Thank you for joining me todayon Daily Value.
Don't forget to subscribe,share with friends and family
and stay tuned for our nextepisode, where we continue to
(14:16):
explore nutrients that fuel yourbody and mind.
As always, stay healthy.
Inside every cell of your body, hidden deep within
the mitochondria, there is apowerful nutrient quietly
fueling your energy, protectingyour brain and supporting your
metabolism.
It's conditionally essential,yet often completely overlooked,
even by many health enthusiasts.
Today, we're looking at whylipoic acid might just be the
most underrated compound thatyou're not paying attention to.
(00:20):
Hello everyone, and welcomeback to Daily Value.
I'm William Wallace, and todaywe are looking at one of the
most underrated compounds thatyou may not be paying attention
to, that being alpha lipoic acid.
(00:41):
Originally called thioctic acid, but also known simply as
lipoic acid, is a uniquelypotent compound with very
important functions deeplyembedded within our cellular
machinery.
First discovered in 1937, whenscientists found a type of
bacteria that uses potato juicefor reproduction, this
antioxidant is naturallyoccurring within our
(01:04):
mitochondria, where it serves asa necessary cofactor from
mitochondrial energy metabolismof all three major
macronutrients proteins, carbsand fats.
Essentially, cells cannot makeenergy at all without lipoic
acid.
Lipoic acid is a self-madeprimary antioxidant in the body,
and what I mean by that is, ofall the compounds our body makes
(01:28):
.
Lipoic acid sits in a class ofprimary antioxidant compounds
that include carnitine, nadh,glutathione and coenzyme Q10.
This class of compounds doesnot include enzymes or hormones.
If we were including hormones,then something like melatonin
would certainly join that group.
This compound is also presentin dietary sources like red meat
(01:48):
, beets, carrots, potatoes,spinach, as well as broccoli.
Structurally, lipoic acid isinteresting.
It exists in two forms insidethe body.
There is its oxidized form,alpha-lipoic acid, and its
reduced form calleddihydrolipoic acid.
Alpha-lipoic acid and itsreduced form, called
dihydrolipoic acid.
Together they form anantioxidant system capable of
(02:09):
quenching a variety of reactiveoxygen species and regenerating
other necessary antioxidantslike vitamins E and C and
glutathione.
Due to its multifunctionalabilities, lipoic acid is
commonly called the antioxidantof antioxidants.
Again, endogenous lipoic acidis produced naturally within our
mitochondria.
When inside the mitochondria,it does, remain tightly bound to
(02:33):
mitochondrial enzyme complexes,primarily proteins like
pyruvate dehydrogenase andalpha-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase.
These enzyme-bound forms oflipoic acid facilitate important
metabolic reactions, convertingcarbohydrates and amino acids
into usable energy.
Importantly, because endogenouslipoic acid is protein-bound,
(02:56):
it generally remains withinmitochondria, with limited
ability to travel outside intoother cellular compartments or
extracellular spaces.
In addition to all of that,lipoic acid's amphiphilic nature
meaning it can dissolve in bothwater and fat theoretically
enables penetration into diversecellular environments.
(03:16):
However, and again endogenouslipoic acid's protein-bound
nature restricts its mobility,which contrasts a bit from the
recorded effects withsupplemental forms of lipoic
mobility, which contrasts a bitfrom the recorded effects with
supplemental forms of lipoicacid, which are freely available
and can exert additionalbeneficial effects throughout
the body, even crossing theblood-brain barrier, to provide
neuroprotective benefits.
(03:36):
Recent research hasdemonstrated the diverse
therapeutic potentials of lipoicacid, ranging from
neuroprotection to improvedmetabolic health, positioning
itself not just as anantioxidant but as an essential
regulator of cellular health andpossibly longevity.
This nuanced distinctionbetween naturally occurring
mitochondrial-bound lipoic acidand its supplemental counterpart
(04:00):
will be important as we look atthe broader implications and
unique benefits ofsupplementation later in this
episode.
While endogenous lipoic acid istightly bound to mitochondrial
proteins, restricting itsantioxidant functions largely to
mitochondrial environments,supplemental lipoic acid seems
to unlock functions that yourown body's supply cannot.
(04:22):
Basically, supplemental lipoicacid is free to work beyond the
mitochondria.
When taken orally, ala rapidlyachieves peak plasma levels
within 30 to 60 minutes,traversing both lipidic that's
fat-based and aqueous that'swater-based cellular
compartments efficiently.
Due to its amphipathicproperties, supplemental ALA is
(04:45):
capable of neutralizing reactiveoxygen species such as
superoxide radicals, singletoxygen and hydroxyl radicals.
Specifically, in its reducedform, dihydrolipoate
alpha-lipoic acid exhibitsstrong antioxidant actions,
making it highly beneficial forconditions associated with
oxidative stress, includingischemia, reperfusion, injury,
(05:07):
radiation damage, etc.
The therapeutic potential ofsupplemental ALA extends beyond
its antioxidant properties.
It significantly enhancesnitric oxide mediated
endothelium-dependentvasodilation, which improves
microcirculation, particularlyvaluable in managing something
like diabetic neuropathy.
(05:27):
Actually, there's pretty robustclinical data supporting its
use for reducing neuropathicsymptoms, which demonstrates its
unique role in diabeticmanagement.
Another distinct advantage ofsupplemental ALA is its
excellent metal chelationproperties attributed to its
theol groups.
By increasing cellularglutathione levels, ala and
(05:50):
dihydrolipoate facilitate theexcretion of toxic metals, with
dihydrolipoate specificallyforming complexes with metals
like iron, copper, lead andmercury.
Thus it aids in detoxification.
Thus it aids in detoxification.
Lepoic acid also regeneratesother antioxidant factors like
(06:12):
vitamins C and E and glutathione, as I mentioned before.
In addition to that, lepoicacid is actually needed to
cleave a compound calledcysteine.
This is two cysteine aminoacids bound together into
individual cysteine units, whichallows them to enter a cell and
be used to make glutathione.
Supplemental lipoic acid doesseem to offer health benefits,
(06:32):
but selecting the right form isimportant for efficacy.
Lipoic acid naturally occurs asthe RN antimer called R-lipoic
acid or RLA, which is thebiologically active form that is
utilized by your cells.
Which is the biologicallyactive form that is utilized by
your cells.
Actually, all known biologicalsystems that utilize lipoic acid
rely exclusively on the R form.
(06:54):
However, most commerciallyavailable supplements contain
what are called racemic mixtures, which is 50% R lipoic acid and
50% S lipoic acid.
This mixture has traditionallybeen favored due to its simpler
and cost-effective production.
It also seems like the additionof S-lipoic acid, which is a
(07:14):
natural byproduct of thechemical synthesis of lipoic
acid, does make it moreshelf-stable compared to RLA by
itself.
There have been binding studiesthat confirm the specific
interaction between thebiologically active R form and
the human sodium multivitamintransporter.
This transporter specificallyrecognizes and transports the RN
(07:37):
antimer, reinforcing theimportance of choosing the
correct supplemental form foroptimal absorption and systemic
efficacy.
Importantly, pharmacokineticstudies do show significant
differences between these twoforms.
The S-form is thought to bebiologically inactive and some
researchers suggest that it mayalso interfere with the
(07:59):
absorption and beneficialeffects of the R-form.
When taken together, the S-formmight competitively inhibit the
absorption of the R-form,reducing its bioavailability.
In addition, and again purearlopoic acid itself faces
stability challenges.
It has a tendency to polymerize.
Polymerize means to join smallmolecules together, called
(08:21):
monomers together, to form alarge chain or network of
chemicals.
This results in poor watersolubility and significantly
limited bioavailability.
This instability hashistorically hindered its
therapeutic application, despiteits superior biological
activity.
To overcome these issues, aform of arlipoic acid stabilized
(08:43):
by sodium was developed.
This is known assodium-stabilized arlipoic acid.
Clinical pharmacokinetic data doshow compelling advantages for
sodium RLA.
Firstly, sodium arlipoic acidsignificantly reduces the
polymerization tendency,ensuring superior stability and
water solubility compared topure RLA.
(09:04):
A study published by Carlson etal in 2007 showed that sodium
arlipoic acid achievesdramatically higher plasma
concentrations and totalabsorption, measured by area
under the curve, compared topure RLA or racemic lipoic acid,
meaning the S and R combinationform.
Specifically, when 600milligrams of sodium arlopoic
(09:28):
acid was given to participantswho, a few weeks later, were
given pure arlopoic acid, thepeak values in plasma were
approximately 10-25% greatercompared to standard RLA, and it
reached peak plasmaconcentrations within 10-20
minutes after ingestion.
Availability of sodium RLA was2.7 to 3.3 times greater than
(09:51):
standard RLA.
Now, an important factor thatneeds to be considered for the
therapeutic efficacy of lipoicacid is the concept of a
therapeutic threshold, definedas the minimum plasma
concentration that's required toinitiate the chain of
protective biochemical reactionsthat lipoic acid has been
documented to perform.
(10:12):
Basically, you may need tospike ALA in your system to
trigger beneficial metaboliccascades.
Research does indicate thatmaintaining plasma
concentrations above thistherapeutic threshold, that's
approximately 4 to 5 microgramsper milliliter, might be
necessary for triggeringantioxidant and
anti-inflammatory pathways,enhancing glucose uptake and
(10:35):
improving overall metabolichealth.
Sodium RLA has been shown to beuniquely suited to consistently
surpass this threshold atpractical dosing levels.
An oral dose of approximately150 milligrams of sodium RLA is,
on average, capable ofachieving plasma concentrations
that breach for micrograms permilliliter.
A 300 milligram dose has beenshown to put nearly everyone
(10:58):
over the therapeutic threshold.
In contrast, internal data by acompany that supplies the main
form of sodium allopoic acid onthe market suggests that even
1,000 milligrams of standard RLAcannot breach the therapeutic
threshold of 4 micrograms permilliliter.
According to the FDA, ala issafe and effective.
(11:21):
Alpha-lipoic acid is widelyavailable as an oral supplement
and in intravenous formulations.
Now, while the data that wasreferenced does suggest the
superiority of stabilizedarlopoic acid, it is important
to recognize that significantclinical research has been
conducted using racemic mixturesof R and S-lipoic acid, which
(11:42):
still show therapeutic potential.
Clinical studies typicallyadminister ALA orally in doses
ranging from 300 milligrams to1,800 milligrams daily.
Oral supplementation at 300milligrams over three months has
been demonstrated to maintainand improve functional vision in
patients with type 1 and type 2diabetes.
There have been other studiesconducted showing that 600 to
(12:06):
1,800 milligrams administereddaily for up to six months may
be particularly effective inmanaging diabetic neuropathy and
improving insulin sensitivity.
Clinical trials have shown IVadministration of 600 milligrams
per day can significantlyimprove neuropathic symptoms and
deficits, suggesting that IVtherapy may be particularly
(12:26):
effective for rapid symptomrelief and significant
neuropathic improvements.
Available research doesindicate that ALA
supplementation during pregnancyis safe, although more data is
needed to clearly define itsrole and optimal dosing
parameters for that particulardemographic.
Studies report that adults cantolerate oral doses of up to
2,400 milligrams daily withoutadverse reactions.
(12:48):
Beyond that, there is a risk ofadverse reactions, including
headache, heartburn, nausea andpossibly vomiting.
While racemic forms of ALA havebeen demonstrated to show
beneficial clinical outcomes,selection of appropriate dosages
, forms, attention to specificpatient populations and
adherence to recommended dosingguidelines are important to
(13:10):
ensure both safety and efficacyof taking ALA.
In conclusion, when selectinglipoic acid supplements,
understanding dosing and thedifferences between formulations
is key to achieving benefit.
Recommended daily oral doses ofstabilized arlipoic acid are
generally 150 to 300 milligramsper day.
(13:30):
This form is unique in that ithas higher bioavailability,
superior stability andconsistent achievement of
therapeutic plasmaconcentrations.
Recommended daily oral doses ofS and R combination forms are
between 300 and 1,800 milligramsper day.
This is what has typically beenused in clinical studies.
Advantages here are establishedsafety and efficacy profiles.
(13:55):
Also, this form of ALA iswidely available and it's pretty
cost-effective.
Supplementation can generallysupport neuroprotection,
antioxidant defense, metabolicimprovements and diabetic
neuropathy.
Thank you for joining me todayon Daily Value.
Don't forget to subscribe,share with friends and family
and stay tuned for our nextepisode, where we continue to
(14:16):
explore nutrients that fuel yourbody and mind.
As always, stay healthy.
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