All Episodes

July 16, 2025 13 mins

The word ‘maths’ means a lot of things for a lot of different people.

In this episode, host Morgan Knoxlee introduces three Particle stories, written by Owen Cumming and Kassandra Zaza, and read by Cat Williams.

The sum of these three great stories might divide you. We hope you have a good time(s) listening and maybe enjoy a take-away while you’re at it.

So, what is maths, how does it work, and how can it really be applied to pasta?

For more stories like this, visitparticle.scitech.org.au

Takeaways:

Maths is not merely a collection of numbers; it's a profound language that helps us describe the universe's complexities.

Understanding maths can lead us to appreciate its beauty, from the Fibonacci sequence in nature to the patterns in our everyday lives.

Every pasta shape is engineered with mathematical precision, designed for optimal sauce retention and culinary delight.

The journey through mathematics is akin to exploring philosophy, where each concept builds upon the last, revealing layers of understanding.

Links referenced in this episode:


Mark as Played
Transcript

Episode Transcript

Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
(00:00):
Welcome back to anotherepisode of Particle Word for Word,
the podcast where we bringParticle WA's stories to life.
Today's story might be atouchy one.
A five letter word may neverhave brought on such an array of
panic, stress, excitement or hunger.
More on that later.
This week's episode is allabout maths.
The three particle stories inthis episode were written by Owen

(00:22):
Cummings and Cassandra Zazaand read by Katt Williams.
Maths might bring backmemories of quadratic equations,
Pythagoras theorem, or latenight cramming for tests.
For others, maths is a thingof beauty, a language of patterns,
puzzles and logic.
But beyond calculus and timestables, what actually is maths?

(00:43):
Maths is a tool we can use tounderstand the world around us.
It's a way of spottingpatterns, describing relationships
and making predictions.
Whether you're measuring howlong it takes to cook pasta or or
calculating the trajectory ofa rocket, you're using maths.
It's not just about numbers.
It's about how those numbersbehave, connect and help us make
sense of everything from thetiniest atoms to the motion of galaxies.

(01:08):
Nature uses maths, too.
The spirals of a sunflower,the symmetry of a snowflake, the
rhythm of your heartbeat.
Mathematical models map outecosystems, help us to understand
climate change and simulateinfectious disease spread.
And it's not just science thatuses maths.
It pops up in art and music,in rhythms, in ratios, in perspectives.

(01:29):
Of course, maths isn't always easy.
It isn't always as beautifulas a university maths lecturer might
want us to believe.
What the heck is an imaginary number?
What's infinity?
Why isn't one a prime number?
What even is a number?
Maths, like the rest of theworld, is still surrounded by mystery.
Mathematicians still argueover what is right and wrong.

(01:50):
There is one thing I'm sureall mathematicians agree on, though.
With just a few small mathsrules, you can build an entire world
of logic and possibility.
But before we understand whatthose worlds of logic and possibility
might be, we need tounderstand something.
What the fuck is maths?
What the fuck is maths?
What is maths?

(02:11):
It's a question that eludes astraightforward answer.
But let's try to break it down.
It's a class you slept through.
It's the language of nature.
It's a source of crippling anxiety.
Mathematics is a lot of thingsto a lot of people, and it's everywhere.
Buying a coffee and workingout the change from a 20, that's
maths.
Observing how spiral patternsin sunflowers Follow the Fibonacci

(02:32):
sequence.
That's maths.
Considering your ownrelativistic velocity on a spinning
Earth, orbiting around thesun, hurtling through the unfashionable
end of the galaxy in aninfinite universe that is somehow
still expanding, that might bean existential crisis, but it's also
maths.
The above are examples of howwe use maths, but they don't really
answer the question, what is maths?

(02:54):
It's been called the poetry oflogical ideas and the music of reason,
but neither really answer the question.
Maybe it's like pornography,it can't be intelligibly described,
but I know it when I see it.
We might not land on the exactanswer right here, right now, but.
But at least let's try tobreak it down a bit.
So it goes like this.
At its heart, mathematics is asystem for logically describing all

(03:18):
the things that could everexist, even imaginary things.
As the concept gets morecomplicated, logical structures are
built up from existing ones torepresent a higher level of understanding.
It's kind of like philosophy,where each logical thought builds
from the one before.
Mathematics is the language ofunderstanding, a a language that
allows us to describe thingsthat could never be put into words.

(03:38):
Unfortunately, like alllanguages, if you haven't learned
what the characters and wordmeans, it's just gibberish.
A very brief history of mathsthe maths we use today probably has
its origins in ancient Mesopotamia.
Around 3000 BCE.
The Babylonians used algebraand geometry and were the first to
invent the number 0.

(03:59):
From around 600 BCE to 400 CE,Greek mathematicians made significant
contributions to algebra,trigonometry and calculus.
The Hindu Arabic numeralsystem became popular during the
9th century.
It had almost entirelyreplaced Roman numerals by 1300 CE
and spread to Western Europe,where mathematics developed into
the system we know today.

(04:19):
Mathematics is possibly thegreatest of all mankind's accomplishments.
Yes, some of us have verytraumatic memories related to math
tests that may or may not haveshaped our attitude towards it.
But as a whole, the languageof maths allows humans to describe
the most profound andbeautiful knowledge in the universe.
And that's something worth appreciating.

(04:40):
It's true.
Maths is probably one of ourgreatest accomplishments as humans.
We need to recognize it forits incredible ability to help us
make sense of the world around us.
This appreciation for maths isall well and good, but it doesn't
get us any closer to workingout just how it works.
One plus one equals two.
But how did the next layersget so complicated?

(05:00):
There are Only so manypermutations and derivatives and
coefficients and parabolasthat one can do before the brain
starts to twinge and the eyesglaze over.
So how the hell does mathsactually work?
Particle 101.
How the hell does maths work?
We're back to demystify theworld of mathematics.
In our last Maths Explainerarticle, we asked, what the fuck

(05:23):
is maths?
And delved into its philosophyand history.
If that wasn't enough to you,if you yearn to be sitting in the
maths classroom again awaitingsome mathematical magic, you're in
luck.
This time.
We ask, how does maths work?
How is it constructed?
And how did it get so freakingcomplicated from the ground up?
The bedrock of mathematicaltheory is arithmetic.

(05:44):
Addition, subtraction,multiplication, and division.
We've used it for thousands ofyears to calculate the number of
things.
Money, sheep, rocks, Bitcoin, whatever.
Even some animals can do it.
Built from its arithmetic isalgebra, where some sadists put the
Alphabet into mathematics.
But it's really just a way todo arithmetic with unknown quantities,
such as 12 mango trees.

(06:04):
Each grow X number of mangoesto give Y total number of mangoes.
So y mangoes equals 12 times X mangoes.
Algebra leads into calculusand derivatives, which is a bit trickier.
In school, that's when a lotof people decided they were more
of the artistic type.
Essentially, it's how theseunknown values from algebra change
in relation to one another,such as acceleration being a change

(06:26):
in velocity.
We are not, I repeat, notabout to try to teach calculus.
But trigonometry, integrals,and geometry are all constructed
in similar ways.
That makes some sense, right?
Right.
Prove it.
Okay, this may not help anyoneactually do maths, but.
But it gives us a sense of howmaths works.
At a fundamental level.

(06:47):
Maths is taking something thatyou know is true and building a new
idea from it.
Algebra is built from arithmetic.
Calculus is built from algebra.
This process goes onindefinitely, creating more and more
complicated maths.
The idea of proving somethingto be true is a big part of maths.
Arguably, it's the whole point.
So much so that in the early1900s, a mathematics textbook took

(07:10):
360 pages to unequivocallyprove that one plus one equals.
Yikes.
In maths, no assumption isbeyond scrutiny, and each truth requires
a proof.
Mathematics works bypainstakingly proving the simplest
truth, then endlesslyconceiving more complicated and abstract
ideas to prove it again.
In this way, mathematics usesreason to transform imagination into

(07:34):
truth.
And as they say, truth can bean ugly thing.
It's not everyone's cup of tea.
Much like mathematics.
Now that we've got the two bigquestions out of the way, we can
start to understand just howpowerful and important maths is in
our understanding of the world.
It makes our world make sense.
It also helps us to understandsome of the more trivial things in

(07:54):
life.
Like how many goals did CalebSarong kick on the weekend?
How many times can I listen tothe full bratt album in 24 hours?
And just what is the correctpasta to source ratio?
No pastor shape was created by accident.
They're not random fusilli,rigatoni, penne, macaroni.
They were all created with purpose.
Every ridge, curve or hole wasengineered with mathematical intent

(08:17):
for optimal source delivery.
Maths can be beautiful andpretty damn.
Tasty A very scientificinvestigation of the Geometry of
pasta Shapes One scientificinquiry looms over the entire culinary
experience.
Which of the endless pastashapes is best suited to which source
and why?
I'm sorry to be the bearer ofbad news, but it appears that tortellini

(08:39):
pasta may be based on theshape of a belly button.
Even if it's not true now,it's impossible to ignore the resemblance.
You are doomed to feel a smalldisembodied belly button rolling
about in your mouth wheneveryou eat one of those stuffed morsels.
But what is the function ofthis pasta shape beyond a horrifying
likeness?
And hey, why are there so manyshapes of pasta?

(09:00):
Don't they all taste the same?
Why the spirals, the ridgedtubes, those little bow ties that
you may assume are eatenexclusively by 2012 era hipsters?
Of course, there are richcultural histories behind each strange
shaping of this beloved carb.
But there is also science.
Specifically, one scientificinquiry looms over the entire culinary
experiences.

(09:20):
Which of these endless pastashapes is best suited to which source
and why?
Let's explore the question whywhile enjoying several examples of
how to get it absolutely wrong.
Hilly Cool spirals.
Your geometer dad trying to berelatable at dinner?
Delicious helicoid.
Why art thou so adept atcapturing creamy sauces in your crevices?

(09:40):
And why is that such anuncomfortable sentence to read?
Spiral pasta's cultural rootsare rich and different regions, even
singular towns in Italy, usedifferent recipes and methods to
create their very own rotini,fusilli, andorinos or whatever spiral
is their specialty.
But one truth is nearlyuniversal about these spindly wonders.
The increased surface area ofthese pastas, which resemble a three

(10:02):
dimensional curve windingaround a central axis, enables saucers
to pool and cling effectivelythis results in a more flavorful
and satisfying dish if yoursauce of choice is something heavy
or clunky.
On the other hand, when itcomes to lighter sauces such as olive
oil based or delicate herbinfused creations, spirals might
not be your best bet.

(10:23):
Their intricate curves andcrevices can sometimes overshadow
the subtlety of these sources,leaving them lost in the labyrinth.
Literary Ridges alright, let'stalk about the venerable penne, whose
shape cannot be discussedwithout acknowledging the etymology.
The tubular form emulates theold metal penninu or pen, much like

(10:43):
its stationary ancestor.
Penne picks up pasta saucewith the ease of a quill and an inkwell,
aided by its large diameterand hollow center.
So sauce can be held insideand out and only strengthening the
already formidable grippingpower of this pasta is, of course,
those ridges.
As your penne cooks, thoseridges create friction against the
sauce similar to howfingerprint ridges help you grip

(11:04):
a little snack in your grittylittle claw, providing ample opportunity
for it to cling to every nookand cranny.
This means that even the mostdelicate of sauces, such as light
tomato basil, find a sturdyanchor in the roof, rugged terrain
of Penne Regatta.
Basic Bocchetti let's notoverlook the classic spaghetti, the
thin string like pasta, whichfeatures in so many of our collective

(11:26):
childhood memories ofBolognese dinners.
But while it may seem like astraightforward choice, many believe
that spaghetti's thinness anduniform cylindrical shape is not
the ideal for chunky sauces.
Yes, that includes crumbledmeat concoctions.
In fact, spaghetti is wellsuited for dishes with thinner sauces
like aglio a oleo, where theoily sauce and pasta are involved.

(11:47):
Why, you ask?
Ever heard of ying and yang?
The objective is to savor thesauce's flavor without overwhelming
the palate with excessiveoiliness in each bite.
Spaghetti's long and smoothsurface allows these lighter sauces
to adhere evenly, aided by theever important sticky starch, without
creating pockets where oil accumulates.
Equally, the slender, delicatequality of the thin spaghetti means

(12:09):
the pasta taste won'toverwhelm the subtle flavor flavors
in the sauce.
Instead, the pear pas de deuxin perfect harmony upon your tongue.
Chef's Kiss now that's amore.
Pairing pasta shapes and saucegoes far beyond mere aesthetics.
Each shape has beenmeticulously crafted and changed
by culinary enthusiaststhroughout the centuries, whether

(12:30):
by maximizing sauce adherenceor providing the perfect vessel for
flavor absorption.
So the next time you're facedwith a plethora of pasta options,
remember to consider not onlythe cultural history but also the
empirical logistics behindeach shape and source pairing.
After all, a well informedchoice is a first step towards pasta
perfection every time.
And don't mix pasta shapes.

(12:51):
Don't you freaking dare.
Maths is more than justnumbers on a page.
It's more than equations and theorems.
It's about understanding andmaking sense of our world.
It's a language, a tool, a apractice, a thing of great beauty.
And most of all, it gave uspasta, of which we should all be
quite grateful for.

(13:12):
Maybe it's better to askourselves isn't what is maths but
what isn't?
You can read the full articlesor more stories like them@particle.scitech.org
AU.
Advertise With Us

Popular Podcasts

Stuff You Should Know
The Joe Rogan Experience

The Joe Rogan Experience

The official podcast of comedian Joe Rogan.

Dateline NBC

Dateline NBC

Current and classic episodes, featuring compelling true-crime mysteries, powerful documentaries and in-depth investigations. Special Summer Offer: Exclusively on Apple Podcasts, try our Dateline Premium subscription completely free for one month! With Dateline Premium, you get every episode ad-free plus exclusive bonus content.

Music, radio and podcasts, all free. Listen online or download the iHeart App.

Connect

© 2025 iHeartMedia, Inc.