May 31, 2025 • 33 mins
In this episode, we aren't going to just ask and answer a bunch of questions about TC 3-25.26. No, we are going to focus on questions that are at a difficulty level that every SPC should be able to answer.
The episode is broken into 4 chapters:
The Pre-Test
The Lesson
The Re-Test
Repetition
Feel free to jump into the Pre-Test, and if you know everything, skip to the next difficulty level. If you want to know more about a question, stick around for the Lesson, where we will teach you what everything means. Then we'll re-evaluate at the Re-Test, and help you have it down consciously and sub-consciously in the Repetition chapter.
The questions we are going over are:
What is Polar Plot, and what is it used for?
What are the different types of contour lines?
What are index contour lines?
What are intermediate contour lines?
What are supplementary contour lines?
What are the two supplementary terrain features?
What does the acronym OCOKA stand for?
Which map scale is identified as the map of choice for land navigators?
What are 7 factors that might affect your pace count?
What are safety considerations for land navigation training?
What is a map overlay?
What are two field-expedient direction methods?
What challenges exist in desert navigation?
Why is jungle navigation difficult?
How does arctic terrain affect navigation?
What is Composite Risk Management in land nav?
Mark as Played
Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
(00:00):
Welcome to the Board Questions Podcast, where you can study for
your promotion or Soldier of theMonth board while driving,
commuting, or playing video games.
Today we will be focusing on questions about land navigation
that every E4 specialist and above should know as they
prepare to become an NCO. Each of these episodes will
start with a pretest chapter, and if you confidently answer
(00:23):
every question, move on to the next most difficult episode and
test yourself there. If you didn't stick around and
start the lesson chapter where we will teach you each of the
answers in the lesson phase. Then the retest chapter will
give you a chance to try again. If you want to solidify your
answers subconsciously, the repetition chapter will repeat
(00:43):
the questions and answers, and you can solidify what you've
just learned by repeating them out loud.
Let's get started with the pretest.
The pretest chapter. Question one Who is responsible
for securing maps for the unit S2 Question 2 What does UTM
(01:06):
stand for? Universal transverse Mercator
grid. Question three What is polar
plot and what is it used for? A method of locating or plotting
an unknown position from a knownpoint by giving a direction and
a distance along that direction line is called polar plot.
(01:28):
Question 4 What are the different types of contour
lines? Index, intermediate and
supplementary. Question 5 What are index
contour lines? Contour lines that are thick and
numbered to show the exact elevation at that level.
(01:48):
Typically every fifth line will be indexed.
Question 6 What are intermediatecontour lines?
Unnumbered contour lines that fall between the index lines
that are a smaller interval thanthe index lines.
They are thinner than index lines.
Question 7 What are supplementary contour lines?
(02:14):
These contour lines resemble dashes.
They show changes in elevation of at least 1/2 the contour
interval. Supplementary lines are normally
found where there is very littlechange in elevation, such as on
fairly level terrain. Question 8.
What are the two supplementary terrain features, Cut and fill.
(02:37):
Question 9. What does the acronym of COCA
stand for? Observation and fields of fire,
cover and concealment, obstacles, key terrain and
avenues of approach. Question 10.
Which map scale is identified asthe map of choice for land
navigators? One colon fifty 000 scale
(03:03):
Military topographic map. Question 11.
What are 7 factors that might affect your pace count the slope
of the terrain, wind, what the terrain is made of, weather,
clothing, visibility, and weightof rucksack.
Question 12. What are safety considerations
(03:24):
for land navigation, training, conduct, terrain Recon, identify
hazards, roads, terrain, wildlife, brief safety
procedures, and planned casualtyevacuation.
Question 13. What is a map overlay?
A transparent sheet placed over a map to show tactical or
(03:47):
operational data. Question 14.
What are two field expedient direction methods?
Shadow stick method and using a watch with the sun.
Question 15. What challenges exist in desert
navigation? Sparse features, heat mirages,
(04:09):
and sand obscuring paths. Question 16.
Why is jungle navigation difficult?
Limited visibility, dense vegetation, and unreliable
terrain association. Question 17.
How does Arctic terrain affect navigation?
(04:30):
Snow and ice can obscure features.
Magnetic compasses may be unreliable.
Question 18 What is composite risk management in Landon AV?
A decision making process to identify and mitigate hazards
during training. The lesson chapter If you feel
confident in your answers in thepretest, skip this episode and
(04:54):
move on to the next episode where the questions will be a
little harder. If you want to learn more, let's
dive into the lesson chapter. We will ask the question again,
give you the answer, and then explain why that is the correct
answer and what it actually means for you.
The soldier question one who is responsible for securing maps
(05:15):
for the unit S2, the S2 or Battalion level intelligence
officer is responsible for securing maps for the unit.
This includes ordering maps, ensuring proper distribution,
and safeguarding map related intelligence.
Since maps can contain sensitivetactical data such as overlays,
(05:36):
planned movements, or marked objectives, their security is
paramount. Question 2.
What does UTM stand for? Universal transverse mercator
grid. UTM stands for Universal
Transverse Mercator Grid. It's a global coordinate system
that breaks the Earth into 60 zones, each 6° of longitude
(05:59):
wide, and uses meters instead ofdegrees to measure location.
It allows for more precise and practical location referencing
than latitude and longitude, especially useful in tactical
operations. A quick way to remember it is
universal equals worldwide transverse equals sideways grid
zones. Mercator equals Map Projection
(06:22):
Question 3 What is polar plot and what is it used for?
A method of locating or plottingan unknown position from a known
point by giving a direction and a distance along that direction
line is called polar plot. A polar plot is a method used to
locate or plot an unknown position by starting from a
known point and giving a direction, azimuth, and distance
(06:44):
from that point. Imagine you're standing at a
known location and spotting A flare or an enemy position.
You measure its angle from northand estimate or measure how far
it is. That combination of direction
and distance lets you plot the unknown position.
It's often used in artillery patrols or forward observer
scenarios. Think of it as launching A spear
(07:07):
from a known spot. The angle is your aim and the
distance is how far you throw. Question 4.
What are the different types of contour lines, index,
intermediate, and supplementary?Contour lines represent
elevation on a map, and there are three types, index,
intermediate, and supplementary.Index lines are the bold
(07:31):
numbered lines showing the exactelevation, typically every fifth
line between them. Intermediate lines are thinner
and unnumbered, helping show thegradual slope.
Supplementary lines appear as dashed lines and depict subtle
elevation changes in very flat terrain.
To remember this IIS index bold and numbered, intermediate, thin
(07:54):
and in between supplementary subtle like dashed.
Question 5. What are index contour lines?
Contour lines that are thick andnumbered to show the exact
elevation at that level. Typically every fifth line will
be indexed. Index contour lines are the
bold, usually numbered lines on a topographic map that show the
(08:17):
actual elevation at that line. They appear at regular
intervals, commonly every fifth line, and serve as reference
points for calculating elevation.
They're like signposts on a hillthat say you are here 500
meters. Because they stand out, they
help quickly assess terrain, elevation, and relief.
(08:38):
Question 6. What are intermediate contour
lines? Unnumbered contour lines that
fall between the index lines that are a smaller interval than
the index lines. They are thinner than index
lines. Intermediate contour lines fall
between the index lines and are not numbered.
They're drawn thinner and represent incremental elevation
(09:01):
changes, providing more detail about the slope or terrain.
For example, if index lines are every 100 meters, intermediate
lines might mark every 20 metersin between.
Think of them as the quieter supporting lines that help fill
in the story between the bold chapters.
Question 7. What are supplementary contour
(09:22):
lines? These contour lines resemble
dashes. They show changes in elevation
of at least 1/2 the contour interval.
Supplementary lines are normallyfound where there is very little
change in elevation, such as on fairly level terrain.
Supplementary contour lines looklike dashed lines and show minor
(09:43):
elevation differences, usually half the contour interval.
They appear in very flat areas where changes in height are too
small to show with regular lines, but still important to
note, like in plains or river basins.
You can remember them by thinking supplementary equals
subtle changes in terrain. Question 8.
(10:04):
What are the two supplementary terrain features?
Cut and fill? The two supplementary terrain
features are cut and fill, and they are typically found where
man made modifications change the natural slope of the land,
like roads or construction. A cut removes soil to lower the
ground level, while a fill adds soil to raise it.
(10:26):
They're represented using specific symbols.
Cuts with lines on the downhill side.
Fills with lines on the uphill side to remember cut.
Cuts into the land. Fill fills in the land.
An easy way to remember the supplementary features is to
think of bodybuilders. Bodybuilders use supplements,
supplementary terrain features that help them cut weight during
(10:48):
their cutting phase and fill in their muscles during their
bulking phase. Supplements cut and fill during
a bulk. Question 9 What does the acronym
OKOKA stand for? Observation in fields of fire,
cover and concealment, obstacles, key terrain, and
avenues of approach. OKOKA is a foundational concept
(11:12):
in military terrain analysis, standing for observation in
fields of fire, cover and concealment, obstacles, key
terrain, and avenues of approach.
Each component helps soldiers understand how the terrain
effects both their own capabilities and the enemies.
Observation and fields of fire refer to how well you can see
(11:32):
and engage targets from a given position.
High ground clearings or open roads provide excellent
observation and firing opportunities, while dense woods
or urban areas may limit visibility.
Understanding fields of fire also helps in setting up
defensive positions or planning where enemy fire may come from.
Cover and concealment deal with protection.
(11:54):
Cover Shields you from enemy fire like a wall or ditch, while
concealment hides you from view like foliage or shadows.
You should always look for terrain that provides both.
While concealment might keep youunseen, without cover you're
still vulnerable to enemy bullets or shrapnel.
These two are critical when planning movement, ambushes or
(12:16):
defensive postures. Obstacles include anything that
impedes movement, rivers, fences, minefields, or even
thick vegetation. Knowing where obstacles or helps
you avoid being channelled into predictable routes or vulnerable
positions and also lets you use obstacles to your advantage by
slowing or funnelling the enemy.Key terrain is any location that
(12:39):
offers a distinct advantage to the side that controls it, such
as a hilltop with commanding views, a bridge, or a choke
point on a Rd. Identifying key terrain early in
planning can determine where to defend or where to seize.
Finally, avenues of approach arethe routes enemy forces or
friendly units can take to reacha position or objective.
(13:01):
These can be footpaths, roads, valleys, or open fields, and
analyzing them helps determine where threats may come from and
how to control or exploit them. An effective use of Ocoka allows
units to outmaneuver the enemy, maximize the strengths of their
terrain, and prepare more effective defenses or attacks.
Remember it as a mental checklist anytime you're
(13:22):
evaluating an area, whether on the map or on the ground, so
that every decision accounts forhow the land shapes the fight.
Question 10. Which map scale is identified as
the map of choice for land navigators?
One Colon Fifty 000 scale military topographic map The One
(13:43):
Colon Fifty 000 scale military topographic map is considered
the map of choice for land navigators.
This scale offers an ideal balance, enough detail to show
terrain features and grid lines for accurate plotting, but broad
enough to cover large operational areas.
Think of it as the Goldilocks scale.
(14:04):
Not too big, not too small, justright for ground navigation.
Question 11. What are 7 factors that might
affect your pace count? The slope of the terrain, wind,
what the terrain is made of, weather, clothing, visibility
and weight of rucksack. Several factors can cause your
(14:25):
pace count to change as you moveacross different environments.
These include the slope of the terrain, steep uphill or
downhill effect stride length, wind, Strong headwinds or
tailwinds can alter walking rhythm.
Surface type such as sand, gravel, mud or pavement.
Weather conditions like rain, snow or heat.
(14:45):
The clothing you wear. Tight or bulky gear can restrict
movement visibility. Limited light or dense
vegetation make us shorter, morecautious steps and the weight of
your rucksack. Heavier loads tend to shorten
your stride in increase fatigue.Recognizing these variables
helps maintain accurate distanceestimation while navigating.
(15:06):
This isn't a hard list you need to have memorized, but if you
are asked, you should be able toidentify at least a few of
these. Question 13.
What is a map overlay? A transparent sheet placed over
a map to show tactical or operational data.
A map overlay is a transparent sheet placed over a map that
allows you to draw tactical or operational data like unit
(15:29):
positions, objectives, or movement routes without marking
the map itself. This is useful for planning or
coordinating missions while preserving the original map.
Think of it like putting a clearlayer over your map so you can
make notes and remove them later.
Question 14 What are two field expedient direction methods?
(15:52):
Shadow stick method and using a watch with the sun?
There are two reliable field expedient direction methods you
can use without a compass. The shadow stick method and the
watch and sun method. Both use the sun's position in
the sky to determine cardinal directions and are useful when
your compass is unavailable or inoperable.
To perform the shadow stick method, begin by placing a
(16:15):
straight stick about two to three feet long vertically into
level ground in a sunny open area.
Mark the tip of the stick's shadow with a small rock or
scratch in the dirt. This marks the West Point of
your line. Since shadows point away from
the sun, wait 10 to 15 minutes, longer if the sun is low in the
sky, and mark the new position of the shadow tip.
(16:37):
This second mark represents the east point.
Now draw a straight line betweenthe two shadow tip marks.
This gives you an east West line.
Standing with the first mark West on your left and the second
mark E on your right, you are now facing north.
You've created a simple yet effective compass just from
(16:57):
sunlight and patience. For greater accuracy, especially
when time allows, repeat the shadow mark several times over
an hour and connect the outermost marks to get a cleaner
east West reference. The watch and son method works
only with an analog traditional watch and is most accurate in
the Northern hemisphere. First, point the hour hand of
(17:18):
your watch directly at the sun. Next, find the midway angle
between the hour hand and the 12:00 mark on the watch face.
This midpoint indicates S. For example, if it's 4:00 PM,
the halfway point between the hour hand 4 and 12 is 2.
Therefore, S is in the directionof 2:00.
(17:39):
Once S is known, N is in the opposite direction.
Note that during daylight savingtime, you must use the 1:00
position instead of 12 when finding the midpoint.
In the Southern hemisphere, the method is reversed.
You point the 12:00 mark at the sun, and halfway between 12 and
the hour hand will indicate N. This method provides A
(18:01):
surprisingly accurate directional guide using nothing
more than your wristwatch and the sun's predictable arc across
the sky. Question 15.
What challenges exist in desert navigation?
Sparse features, heat mirages, and sand obscuring paths Desert
navigation is challenging due tosparse terrain features, heat
(18:23):
mirages that distort vision, andsand covering or altering
recognizable paths. Landmarks may be few and
constantly shifting, making terrain association unreliable.
You may also face disorientationfrom heat and dehydration.
A memory aid. Deserts are SHS, sparse, hot,
(18:44):
and shifting. Question 16.
Why is jungle navigation difficult?
Limited visibility, dense vegetation, and unreliable
terrain association. Jungle navigation is notoriously
difficult because of dense vegetation limiting visibility,
thick undergrowth disrupting movement, and unreliable terrain
(19:06):
features due to overgrowth. Magnetic anomalies from nearby
iron rich rocks or moisture can also affect compass accuracy.
Think of it as navigating insidea green tunnel.
Everything looks the same and you can't see far.
Question 17. How does Arctic terrain affect
navigation? Snow and ice can obscure
(19:28):
features. Magnetic compasses may be
unreliable. Arctic terrain creates
navigation challenges due to snow and ice covering terrain
features, making it difficult touse terrain association.
The white, flat, featureless environment causes
disorientation, and the extreme cold can affect both equipment
and the user. Magnetic compasses may become
(19:51):
unreliable close to the magneticpoles.
Remember in the Arctic, whiteouthides features cold kills gear.
Question 18 What is composite risk management in land and Ava?
Decision making process to identify and mitigate hazards
during training Composite Risk Management CRM is the Army's
(20:15):
decision making process to identify and mitigate hazards,
especially in activities like land navigation.
It involves assessing the mission, identifying risks such
as terrain, weather or night movement, implementing controls
like buddy teams or safety gear,and supervising execution.
It helps leaders make informed decisions to prevent injury or
(20:37):
mission failure. Think of CRM as your safety GPS.
It helps you avoid danger beforeyou start moving.
The retest chapter. Now that we have learned each
topic, let's go over our answersin this retest chapter to make
sure you got it. Question one.
Who is responsible for securing maps for the unit S2?
(21:00):
Question 2. What does UTM stand for?
Universal transverse Mercator grid.
Question three. What is polar plot and what is
it used for? A method of locating or plotting
an unknown position from a knownpoint by giving a direction and
a distance along that direction line is called polar plot.
(21:23):
Question 4. What are the different types of
contour lines? Index, intermediate and
supplementary Question 5. What are index contour lines?
Contour lines that are thick andnumbered to show the exact
elevation at that level. Typically every fifth line will
(21:43):
be indexed. Question 6 What are intermediate
contour lines? Unnumbered contour lines that
fall between the index lines that are a smaller interval than
the index lines. They are thinner than index
lines. Question 7 What are
supplementary contour lines? These contour lines resemble
(22:06):
dashes. They show changes in elevation
of at least 1/2 the contour interval.
Supplementary lines are normallyfound where there is very little
change in elevation, such as on fairly level terrain.
Question 8. What are the two supplementary
terrain features? Cut and fill.
(22:27):
Question 9. What does the acronym of COCA
stand for? Observation in fields of fire,
cover and concealment, obstacles, key terrain and
avenues of approach. Question 10.
Which map scale is identified asthe map of choice for land
navigators? 1 Colon fifty 000 scale military
(22:51):
topographic map. Question 11.
What are 7 factors that might affect your pace Count, the
slope of the terrain, wind, whatthe terrain is made of, weather,
clothing, visibility and weight of rucksack.
Question 12. What are safety considerations
for land navigation, training, conduct, terrain Recon, identify
(23:15):
hazards, roads, terrain, wildlife, brief safety
procedures, and planned casualtyevacuation.
Question 13. What is a map overlay?
A transparent sheet placed over a map to show tactical or
operational data. Question 14 What are two field
(23:36):
expedient direction methods? Shadow stick method and using a
watch with the sun. Question 15 What challenges
exist in desert navigation? Sparse features, heat mirages
and sand obscuring paths. Question 16.
Why is jungle navigation difficult?
(23:59):
Limited visibility, dense vegetation, and unreliable
terrain association. Question 17.
How does Arctic terrain affect navigation?
Snow and ice can obscure features.
Magnetic compasses may be unreliable.
Question 18. What is composite risk
(24:19):
management in land and Ava? Decision making process to
identify and mitigate hazards during training.
The repetition chapter If it took you a second to answer
those questions, would recommendstaying around for a rapid fire
for the repetition chapter. Feel free to move on to the next
difficulty anytime you feel likeyou have this down.
(24:41):
Who is responsible for securing maps for the unit S2?
What does UTM stand for? Universal transverse?
Mercator grid? What is polar plot and what is
it used for? A method of locating or plotting
an unknown position from a knownpoint by giving a direction and
a distance along that direction line is called polar plot.
(25:04):
What are the different types of contour lines?
Index, intermediate, and supplementary.
What are index contour lines? Contour lines that are thick and
numbered to show the exact elevation at that level.
Typically every fifth line will be indexed.
What are intermediate contour lines?
(25:24):
Unnumbered contour lines that fall between the index lines
that are a smaller interval thanthe index lines.
They are thinner than index lines.
What are supplementary contour lines?
These contour lines resemble dashes.
They show changes in elevation of at least 1/2 the contour
interval. Supplementary lines are normally
(25:46):
found where there is very littlechange in elevation, such as on
fairly level terrain. What are the two supplementary
terrain features? Cut and fill.
What does the acronym OKOKA stand for?
Observation and fields of fire. Cover and concealment.
Obstacles, key terrain and avenues of approach.
(26:07):
Which map scale is identified asthe map of choice for land
navigators? 1 COLON fifty 000 scale military
topographic map. What are 7 factors that might
affect your pace? Count the slope of the terrain,
wind, what the terrain is made of, weather, clothing,
visibility and weight of rucksack.
(26:29):
What are safety considerations for land navigation training?
Conduct terrain Recon, identify hazards, roads, terrain,
wildlife, brief safety procedures, and planned casualty
evacuation. What is a map overlay?
A transparent sheet placed over a map to show tactical or
operational data. What are two field expedient
(26:53):
direction methods? Shadow stick method and using a
watch with the sun. What challenges exist in desert
navigation? Sparse features, heat mirages,
and sand obscuring paths. Why is jungle navigation
difficult? Limited visibility, dense
vegetation, and unreliable terrain association.
(27:15):
How does Arctic terrain affect navigation?
Snow and ice can obscure features.
Magnetic compasses may be unreliable.
What is composite risk management in land and Ava?
Decision making process to identify and mitigate hazards
during training. Who is responsible for securing
maps for the unit S2? What does UTM stand for?
(27:40):
Universal transverse Mercator grid.
What is polar plot and what is it used for?
A method of locating or plottingan unknown position from a known
point by giving a direction and a distance along that direction
line is called polar plot. What are the different types of
contour lines? Index, intermediate, and
(28:00):
supplementary. What are index contour lines?
Contour lines that are thick andnumbered to show the exact
elevation at that level. Typically every fifth line will
be indexed. What are intermediate contour
lines? Unnumbered contour lines that
fall between the index lines that are a smaller interval than
(28:21):
the index lines. They are thinner than index
lines. What are supplementary contour
lines? These contour lines resemble
dashes. They show changes in elevation
of at least 1/2 the contour interval.
Supplementary lines are normallyfound where there is very little
change in elevation, such as on fairly level terrain.
(28:43):
What are the two supplementary terrain features?
Cut and fill. What does the acronym O COCA
stand for? Observation and fields of fire.
Cover and concealment, obstacles, key terrain and
avenues of approach. Which map scale is identified as
the map of choice for land navigators?
(29:04):
1 COLON fifty 000 scale militarytopographic map.
What are 7 factors that might affect your pace?
Count the slope of the terrain, wind, what the terrain is made
of, weather, clothing, visibility and weight of
rucksack. What are safety considerations
for land navigation training? Conduct terrain Recon, identify
(29:27):
hazards, roads, terrain, wildlife, brief safety
procedures, and planned casualtyevacuation.
What is a map overlay? A transparent sheet placed over
a map to show tactical or operational data.
What are two field expedient direction methods?
Shadow stick method and using a watch with the sun.
(29:50):
What challenges exist in desert navigation?
Sparse features, heat mirages, and sand obscuring paths.
Why is jungle navigation difficult?
Limited visibility, dense vegetation, and unreliable
terrain association. How does Arctic terrain affect
navigation? Snow and ice can obscure
(30:11):
features. Magnetic compasses may be
unreliable. What is composite risk
management in land and Ava? Decision making process to
identify and mitigate hazards during training.
Who is responsible for securing maps for the unit S2?
What does UTM stand for? Universal transverse Mercator
(30:34):
grid. What is polar plot and what is
it used for? A method of locating or plotting
an unknown position from a knownpoint by giving a direction and
a distance along that direction line is called polar plot.
What are the different types of contour lines?
Index, intermediate, and supplementary.
(30:54):
What are index contour lines? Contour lines that are thick and
numbered to show the exact elevation at that level.
Typically every fifth line will be indexed.
What are intermediate contour lines?
Unnumbered contour lines that fall between the index lines
that are a smaller interval thanthe index lines.
(31:14):
They are thinner than index lines.
What are supplementary contour lines?
These contour lines resemble dashes.
They show changes in elevation of at least 1/2 the contour
interval. Supplementary lines are normally
found where there is very littlechange in elevation, such as on
fairly level terrain. What are the two supplementary
(31:36):
terrain features? Cut and fill.
What does the acronym O COCA stand for?
Observation and fields of fire. Cover and concealment,
obstacles, key terrain and avenues of approach.
Which map scale is identified asthe map of choice for land
navigators? 1 COLON fifty 000 scale military
(31:59):
topographic map. What are 7 factors that might
affect your pace? Count the slope of the terrain,
wind, what the terrain is made of, weather, clothing,
visibility and weight of rucksack.
What are safety considerations for land navigation training?
Conduct terrain Recon, identify hazards, roads, terrain,
(32:21):
wildlife, brief safety procedures, and planned casualty
evacuation. What is a map overlay?
A transparent sheet placed over a map to show tactical or
operational data. What are two field expedient
direction methods? Shadow stick method and using a
watch with the sun. What challenges exist in desert
(32:43):
navigation? Sparse features, heat mirages,
and sand obscuring paths. Why is jungle navigation
difficult? Limited visibility, dense
vegetation, and unreliable terrain association.
How does Arctic terrain affect navigation?
Snow and ice can obscure features.
(33:04):
Magnetic compasses may be unreliable.
What is composite risk management in land and Ava?
Decision making process to identify and mitigate hazards
during training. That's it for today's episode.
Thanks for studying with the Board Questions podcast.
Feel free to follow and comment so that more of your battle
(33:25):
buddies can study and strengthenyour unit.
Welcome to the Board Questions Podcast, where you can study for
your promotion or Soldier of theMonth board while driving,
commuting, or playing video games.
Today we will be focusing on questions about land navigation
that every E4 specialist and above should know as they
prepare to become an NCO. Each of these episodes will
start with a pretest chapter, and if you confidently answer
(00:23):
every question, move on to the next most difficult episode and
test yourself there. If you didn't stick around and
start the lesson chapter where we will teach you each of the
answers in the lesson phase. Then the retest chapter will
give you a chance to try again. If you want to solidify your
answers subconsciously, the repetition chapter will repeat
(00:43):
the questions and answers, and you can solidify what you've
just learned by repeating them out loud.
Let's get started with the pretest.
The pretest chapter. Question one Who is responsible
for securing maps for the unit S2 Question 2 What does UTM
(01:06):
stand for? Universal transverse Mercator
grid. Question three What is polar
plot and what is it used for? A method of locating or plotting
an unknown position from a knownpoint by giving a direction and
a distance along that direction line is called polar plot.
(01:28):
Question 4 What are the different types of contour
lines? Index, intermediate and
supplementary. Question 5 What are index
contour lines? Contour lines that are thick and
numbered to show the exact elevation at that level.
(01:48):
Typically every fifth line will be indexed.
Question 6 What are intermediatecontour lines?
Unnumbered contour lines that fall between the index lines
that are a smaller interval thanthe index lines.
They are thinner than index lines.
Question 7 What are supplementary contour lines?
(02:14):
These contour lines resemble dashes.
They show changes in elevation of at least 1/2 the contour
interval. Supplementary lines are normally
found where there is very littlechange in elevation, such as on
fairly level terrain. Question 8.
What are the two supplementary terrain features, Cut and fill.
(02:37):
Question 9. What does the acronym of COCA
stand for? Observation and fields of fire,
cover and concealment, obstacles, key terrain and
avenues of approach. Question 10.
Which map scale is identified asthe map of choice for land
navigators? One colon fifty 000 scale
(03:03):
Military topographic map. Question 11.
What are 7 factors that might affect your pace count the slope
of the terrain, wind, what the terrain is made of, weather,
clothing, visibility, and weightof rucksack.
Question 12. What are safety considerations
(03:24):
for land navigation, training, conduct, terrain Recon, identify
hazards, roads, terrain, wildlife, brief safety
procedures, and planned casualtyevacuation.
Question 13. What is a map overlay?
A transparent sheet placed over a map to show tactical or
(03:47):
operational data. Question 14.
What are two field expedient direction methods?
Shadow stick method and using a watch with the sun.
Question 15. What challenges exist in desert
navigation? Sparse features, heat mirages,
(04:09):
and sand obscuring paths. Question 16.
Why is jungle navigation difficult?
Limited visibility, dense vegetation, and unreliable
terrain association. Question 17.
How does Arctic terrain affect navigation?
(04:30):
Snow and ice can obscure features.
Magnetic compasses may be unreliable.
Question 18 What is composite risk management in Landon AV?
A decision making process to identify and mitigate hazards
during training. The lesson chapter If you feel
confident in your answers in thepretest, skip this episode and
(04:54):
move on to the next episode where the questions will be a
little harder. If you want to learn more, let's
dive into the lesson chapter. We will ask the question again,
give you the answer, and then explain why that is the correct
answer and what it actually means for you.
The soldier question one who is responsible for securing maps
(05:15):
for the unit S2, the S2 or Battalion level intelligence
officer is responsible for securing maps for the unit.
This includes ordering maps, ensuring proper distribution,
and safeguarding map related intelligence.
Since maps can contain sensitivetactical data such as overlays,
(05:36):
planned movements, or marked objectives, their security is
paramount. Question 2.
What does UTM stand for? Universal transverse mercator
grid. UTM stands for Universal
Transverse Mercator Grid. It's a global coordinate system
that breaks the Earth into 60 zones, each 6° of longitude
(05:59):
wide, and uses meters instead ofdegrees to measure location.
It allows for more precise and practical location referencing
than latitude and longitude, especially useful in tactical
operations. A quick way to remember it is
universal equals worldwide transverse equals sideways grid
zones. Mercator equals Map Projection
(06:22):
Question 3 What is polar plot and what is it used for?
A method of locating or plottingan unknown position from a known
point by giving a direction and a distance along that direction
line is called polar plot. A polar plot is a method used to
locate or plot an unknown position by starting from a
known point and giving a direction, azimuth, and distance
(06:44):
from that point. Imagine you're standing at a
known location and spotting A flare or an enemy position.
You measure its angle from northand estimate or measure how far
it is. That combination of direction
and distance lets you plot the unknown position.
It's often used in artillery patrols or forward observer
scenarios. Think of it as launching A spear
(07:07):
from a known spot. The angle is your aim and the
distance is how far you throw. Question 4.
What are the different types of contour lines, index,
intermediate, and supplementary?Contour lines represent
elevation on a map, and there are three types, index,
intermediate, and supplementary.Index lines are the bold
(07:31):
numbered lines showing the exactelevation, typically every fifth
line between them. Intermediate lines are thinner
and unnumbered, helping show thegradual slope.
Supplementary lines appear as dashed lines and depict subtle
elevation changes in very flat terrain.
To remember this IIS index bold and numbered, intermediate, thin
(07:54):
and in between supplementary subtle like dashed.
Question 5. What are index contour lines?
Contour lines that are thick andnumbered to show the exact
elevation at that level. Typically every fifth line will
be indexed. Index contour lines are the
bold, usually numbered lines on a topographic map that show the
(08:17):
actual elevation at that line. They appear at regular
intervals, commonly every fifth line, and serve as reference
points for calculating elevation.
They're like signposts on a hillthat say you are here 500
meters. Because they stand out, they
help quickly assess terrain, elevation, and relief.
(08:38):
Question 6. What are intermediate contour
lines? Unnumbered contour lines that
fall between the index lines that are a smaller interval than
the index lines. They are thinner than index
lines. Intermediate contour lines fall
between the index lines and are not numbered.
They're drawn thinner and represent incremental elevation
(09:01):
changes, providing more detail about the slope or terrain.
For example, if index lines are every 100 meters, intermediate
lines might mark every 20 metersin between.
Think of them as the quieter supporting lines that help fill
in the story between the bold chapters.
Question 7. What are supplementary contour
(09:22):
lines? These contour lines resemble
dashes. They show changes in elevation
of at least 1/2 the contour interval.
Supplementary lines are normallyfound where there is very little
change in elevation, such as on fairly level terrain.
Supplementary contour lines looklike dashed lines and show minor
(09:43):
elevation differences, usually half the contour interval.
They appear in very flat areas where changes in height are too
small to show with regular lines, but still important to
note, like in plains or river basins.
You can remember them by thinking supplementary equals
subtle changes in terrain. Question 8.
(10:04):
What are the two supplementary terrain features?
Cut and fill? The two supplementary terrain
features are cut and fill, and they are typically found where
man made modifications change the natural slope of the land,
like roads or construction. A cut removes soil to lower the
ground level, while a fill adds soil to raise it.
(10:26):
They're represented using specific symbols.
Cuts with lines on the downhill side.
Fills with lines on the uphill side to remember cut.
Cuts into the land. Fill fills in the land.
An easy way to remember the supplementary features is to
think of bodybuilders. Bodybuilders use supplements,
supplementary terrain features that help them cut weight during
(10:48):
their cutting phase and fill in their muscles during their
bulking phase. Supplements cut and fill during
a bulk. Question 9 What does the acronym
OKOKA stand for? Observation in fields of fire,
cover and concealment, obstacles, key terrain, and
avenues of approach. OKOKA is a foundational concept
(11:12):
in military terrain analysis, standing for observation in
fields of fire, cover and concealment, obstacles, key
terrain, and avenues of approach.
Each component helps soldiers understand how the terrain
effects both their own capabilities and the enemies.
Observation and fields of fire refer to how well you can see
(11:32):
and engage targets from a given position.
High ground clearings or open roads provide excellent
observation and firing opportunities, while dense woods
or urban areas may limit visibility.
Understanding fields of fire also helps in setting up
defensive positions or planning where enemy fire may come from.
Cover and concealment deal with protection.
(11:54):
Cover Shields you from enemy fire like a wall or ditch, while
concealment hides you from view like foliage or shadows.
You should always look for terrain that provides both.
While concealment might keep youunseen, without cover you're
still vulnerable to enemy bullets or shrapnel.
These two are critical when planning movement, ambushes or
(12:16):
defensive postures. Obstacles include anything that
impedes movement, rivers, fences, minefields, or even
thick vegetation. Knowing where obstacles or helps
you avoid being channelled into predictable routes or vulnerable
positions and also lets you use obstacles to your advantage by
slowing or funnelling the enemy.Key terrain is any location that
(12:39):
offers a distinct advantage to the side that controls it, such
as a hilltop with commanding views, a bridge, or a choke
point on a Rd. Identifying key terrain early in
planning can determine where to defend or where to seize.
Finally, avenues of approach arethe routes enemy forces or
friendly units can take to reacha position or objective.
(13:01):
These can be footpaths, roads, valleys, or open fields, and
analyzing them helps determine where threats may come from and
how to control or exploit them. An effective use of Ocoka allows
units to outmaneuver the enemy, maximize the strengths of their
terrain, and prepare more effective defenses or attacks.
Remember it as a mental checklist anytime you're
(13:22):
evaluating an area, whether on the map or on the ground, so
that every decision accounts forhow the land shapes the fight.
Question 10. Which map scale is identified as
the map of choice for land navigators?
One Colon Fifty 000 scale military topographic map The One
(13:43):
Colon Fifty 000 scale military topographic map is considered
the map of choice for land navigators.
This scale offers an ideal balance, enough detail to show
terrain features and grid lines for accurate plotting, but broad
enough to cover large operational areas.
Think of it as the Goldilocks scale.
(14:04):
Not too big, not too small, justright for ground navigation.
Question 11. What are 7 factors that might
affect your pace count? The slope of the terrain, wind,
what the terrain is made of, weather, clothing, visibility
and weight of rucksack. Several factors can cause your
(14:25):
pace count to change as you moveacross different environments.
These include the slope of the terrain, steep uphill or
downhill effect stride length, wind, Strong headwinds or
tailwinds can alter walking rhythm.
Surface type such as sand, gravel, mud or pavement.
Weather conditions like rain, snow or heat.
(14:45):
The clothing you wear. Tight or bulky gear can restrict
movement visibility. Limited light or dense
vegetation make us shorter, morecautious steps and the weight of
your rucksack. Heavier loads tend to shorten
your stride in increase fatigue.Recognizing these variables
helps maintain accurate distanceestimation while navigating.
(15:06):
This isn't a hard list you need to have memorized, but if you
are asked, you should be able toidentify at least a few of
these. Question 13.
What is a map overlay? A transparent sheet placed over
a map to show tactical or operational data.
A map overlay is a transparent sheet placed over a map that
allows you to draw tactical or operational data like unit
(15:29):
positions, objectives, or movement routes without marking
the map itself. This is useful for planning or
coordinating missions while preserving the original map.
Think of it like putting a clearlayer over your map so you can
make notes and remove them later.
Question 14 What are two field expedient direction methods?
(15:52):
Shadow stick method and using a watch with the sun?
There are two reliable field expedient direction methods you
can use without a compass. The shadow stick method and the
watch and sun method. Both use the sun's position in
the sky to determine cardinal directions and are useful when
your compass is unavailable or inoperable.
To perform the shadow stick method, begin by placing a
(16:15):
straight stick about two to three feet long vertically into
level ground in a sunny open area.
Mark the tip of the stick's shadow with a small rock or
scratch in the dirt. This marks the West Point of
your line. Since shadows point away from
the sun, wait 10 to 15 minutes, longer if the sun is low in the
sky, and mark the new position of the shadow tip.
(16:37):
This second mark represents the east point.
Now draw a straight line betweenthe two shadow tip marks.
This gives you an east West line.
Standing with the first mark West on your left and the second
mark E on your right, you are now facing north.
You've created a simple yet effective compass just from
(16:57):
sunlight and patience. For greater accuracy, especially
when time allows, repeat the shadow mark several times over
an hour and connect the outermost marks to get a cleaner
east West reference. The watch and son method works
only with an analog traditional watch and is most accurate in
the Northern hemisphere. First, point the hour hand of
(17:18):
your watch directly at the sun. Next, find the midway angle
between the hour hand and the 12:00 mark on the watch face.
This midpoint indicates S. For example, if it's 4:00 PM,
the halfway point between the hour hand 4 and 12 is 2.
Therefore, S is in the directionof 2:00.
(17:39):
Once S is known, N is in the opposite direction.
Note that during daylight savingtime, you must use the 1:00
position instead of 12 when finding the midpoint.
In the Southern hemisphere, the method is reversed.
You point the 12:00 mark at the sun, and halfway between 12 and
the hour hand will indicate N. This method provides A
(18:01):
surprisingly accurate directional guide using nothing
more than your wristwatch and the sun's predictable arc across
the sky. Question 15.
What challenges exist in desert navigation?
Sparse features, heat mirages, and sand obscuring paths Desert
navigation is challenging due tosparse terrain features, heat
(18:23):
mirages that distort vision, andsand covering or altering
recognizable paths. Landmarks may be few and
constantly shifting, making terrain association unreliable.
You may also face disorientationfrom heat and dehydration.
A memory aid. Deserts are SHS, sparse, hot,
(18:44):
and shifting. Question 16.
Why is jungle navigation difficult?
Limited visibility, dense vegetation, and unreliable
terrain association. Jungle navigation is notoriously
difficult because of dense vegetation limiting visibility,
thick undergrowth disrupting movement, and unreliable terrain
(19:06):
features due to overgrowth. Magnetic anomalies from nearby
iron rich rocks or moisture can also affect compass accuracy.
Think of it as navigating insidea green tunnel.
Everything looks the same and you can't see far.
Question 17. How does Arctic terrain affect
navigation? Snow and ice can obscure
(19:28):
features. Magnetic compasses may be
unreliable. Arctic terrain creates
navigation challenges due to snow and ice covering terrain
features, making it difficult touse terrain association.
The white, flat, featureless environment causes
disorientation, and the extreme cold can affect both equipment
and the user. Magnetic compasses may become
(19:51):
unreliable close to the magneticpoles.
Remember in the Arctic, whiteouthides features cold kills gear.
Question 18 What is composite risk management in land and Ava?
Decision making process to identify and mitigate hazards
during training Composite Risk Management CRM is the Army's
(20:15):
decision making process to identify and mitigate hazards,
especially in activities like land navigation.
It involves assessing the mission, identifying risks such
as terrain, weather or night movement, implementing controls
like buddy teams or safety gear,and supervising execution.
It helps leaders make informed decisions to prevent injury or
(20:37):
mission failure. Think of CRM as your safety GPS.
It helps you avoid danger beforeyou start moving.
The retest chapter. Now that we have learned each
topic, let's go over our answersin this retest chapter to make
sure you got it. Question one.
Who is responsible for securing maps for the unit S2?
(21:00):
Question 2. What does UTM stand for?
Universal transverse Mercator grid.
Question three. What is polar plot and what is
it used for? A method of locating or plotting
an unknown position from a knownpoint by giving a direction and
a distance along that direction line is called polar plot.
(21:23):
Question 4. What are the different types of
contour lines? Index, intermediate and
supplementary Question 5. What are index contour lines?
Contour lines that are thick andnumbered to show the exact
elevation at that level. Typically every fifth line will
(21:43):
be indexed. Question 6 What are intermediate
contour lines? Unnumbered contour lines that
fall between the index lines that are a smaller interval than
the index lines. They are thinner than index
lines. Question 7 What are
supplementary contour lines? These contour lines resemble
(22:06):
dashes. They show changes in elevation
of at least 1/2 the contour interval.
Supplementary lines are normallyfound where there is very little
change in elevation, such as on fairly level terrain.
Question 8. What are the two supplementary
terrain features? Cut and fill.
(22:27):
Question 9. What does the acronym of COCA
stand for? Observation in fields of fire,
cover and concealment, obstacles, key terrain and
avenues of approach. Question 10.
Which map scale is identified asthe map of choice for land
navigators? 1 Colon fifty 000 scale military
(22:51):
topographic map. Question 11.
What are 7 factors that might affect your pace Count, the
slope of the terrain, wind, whatthe terrain is made of, weather,
clothing, visibility and weight of rucksack.
Question 12. What are safety considerations
for land navigation, training, conduct, terrain Recon, identify
(23:15):
hazards, roads, terrain, wildlife, brief safety
procedures, and planned casualtyevacuation.
Question 13. What is a map overlay?
A transparent sheet placed over a map to show tactical or
operational data. Question 14 What are two field
(23:36):
expedient direction methods? Shadow stick method and using a
watch with the sun. Question 15 What challenges
exist in desert navigation? Sparse features, heat mirages
and sand obscuring paths. Question 16.
Why is jungle navigation difficult?
(23:59):
Limited visibility, dense vegetation, and unreliable
terrain association. Question 17.
How does Arctic terrain affect navigation?
Snow and ice can obscure features.
Magnetic compasses may be unreliable.
Question 18. What is composite risk
(24:19):
management in land and Ava? Decision making process to
identify and mitigate hazards during training.
The repetition chapter If it took you a second to answer
those questions, would recommendstaying around for a rapid fire
for the repetition chapter. Feel free to move on to the next
difficulty anytime you feel likeyou have this down.
(24:41):
Who is responsible for securing maps for the unit S2?
What does UTM stand for? Universal transverse?
Mercator grid? What is polar plot and what is
it used for? A method of locating or plotting
an unknown position from a knownpoint by giving a direction and
a distance along that direction line is called polar plot.
(25:04):
What are the different types of contour lines?
Index, intermediate, and supplementary.
What are index contour lines? Contour lines that are thick and
numbered to show the exact elevation at that level.
Typically every fifth line will be indexed.
What are intermediate contour lines?
(25:24):
Unnumbered contour lines that fall between the index lines
that are a smaller interval thanthe index lines.
They are thinner than index lines.
What are supplementary contour lines?
These contour lines resemble dashes.
They show changes in elevation of at least 1/2 the contour
interval. Supplementary lines are normally
(25:46):
found where there is very littlechange in elevation, such as on
fairly level terrain. What are the two supplementary
terrain features? Cut and fill.
What does the acronym OKOKA stand for?
Observation and fields of fire. Cover and concealment.
Obstacles, key terrain and avenues of approach.
(26:07):
Which map scale is identified asthe map of choice for land
navigators? 1 COLON fifty 000 scale military
topographic map. What are 7 factors that might
affect your pace? Count the slope of the terrain,
wind, what the terrain is made of, weather, clothing,
visibility and weight of rucksack.
(26:29):
What are safety considerations for land navigation training?
Conduct terrain Recon, identify hazards, roads, terrain,
wildlife, brief safety procedures, and planned casualty
evacuation. What is a map overlay?
A transparent sheet placed over a map to show tactical or
operational data. What are two field expedient
(26:53):
direction methods? Shadow stick method and using a
watch with the sun. What challenges exist in desert
navigation? Sparse features, heat mirages,
and sand obscuring paths. Why is jungle navigation
difficult? Limited visibility, dense
vegetation, and unreliable terrain association.
(27:15):
How does Arctic terrain affect navigation?
Snow and ice can obscure features.
Magnetic compasses may be unreliable.
What is composite risk management in land and Ava?
Decision making process to identify and mitigate hazards
during training. Who is responsible for securing
maps for the unit S2? What does UTM stand for?
(27:40):
Universal transverse Mercator grid.
What is polar plot and what is it used for?
A method of locating or plottingan unknown position from a known
point by giving a direction and a distance along that direction
line is called polar plot. What are the different types of
contour lines? Index, intermediate, and
(28:00):
supplementary. What are index contour lines?
Contour lines that are thick andnumbered to show the exact
elevation at that level. Typically every fifth line will
be indexed. What are intermediate contour
lines? Unnumbered contour lines that
fall between the index lines that are a smaller interval than
(28:21):
the index lines. They are thinner than index
lines. What are supplementary contour
lines? These contour lines resemble
dashes. They show changes in elevation
of at least 1/2 the contour interval.
Supplementary lines are normallyfound where there is very little
change in elevation, such as on fairly level terrain.
(28:43):
What are the two supplementary terrain features?
Cut and fill. What does the acronym O COCA
stand for? Observation and fields of fire.
Cover and concealment, obstacles, key terrain and
avenues of approach. Which map scale is identified as
the map of choice for land navigators?
(29:04):
1 COLON fifty 000 scale militarytopographic map.
What are 7 factors that might affect your pace?
Count the slope of the terrain, wind, what the terrain is made
of, weather, clothing, visibility and weight of
rucksack. What are safety considerations
for land navigation training? Conduct terrain Recon, identify
(29:27):
hazards, roads, terrain, wildlife, brief safety
procedures, and planned casualtyevacuation.
What is a map overlay? A transparent sheet placed over
a map to show tactical or operational data.
What are two field expedient direction methods?
Shadow stick method and using a watch with the sun.
(29:50):
What challenges exist in desert navigation?
Sparse features, heat mirages, and sand obscuring paths.
Why is jungle navigation difficult?
Limited visibility, dense vegetation, and unreliable
terrain association. How does Arctic terrain affect
navigation? Snow and ice can obscure
(30:11):
features. Magnetic compasses may be
unreliable. What is composite risk
management in land and Ava? Decision making process to
identify and mitigate hazards during training.
Who is responsible for securing maps for the unit S2?
What does UTM stand for? Universal transverse Mercator
(30:34):
grid. What is polar plot and what is
it used for? A method of locating or plotting
an unknown position from a knownpoint by giving a direction and
a distance along that direction line is called polar plot.
What are the different types of contour lines?
Index, intermediate, and supplementary.
(30:54):
What are index contour lines? Contour lines that are thick and
numbered to show the exact elevation at that level.
Typically every fifth line will be indexed.
What are intermediate contour lines?
Unnumbered contour lines that fall between the index lines
that are a smaller interval thanthe index lines.
(31:14):
They are thinner than index lines.
What are supplementary contour lines?
These contour lines resemble dashes.
They show changes in elevation of at least 1/2 the contour
interval. Supplementary lines are normally
found where there is very littlechange in elevation, such as on
fairly level terrain. What are the two supplementary
(31:36):
terrain features? Cut and fill.
What does the acronym O COCA stand for?
Observation and fields of fire. Cover and concealment,
obstacles, key terrain and avenues of approach.
Which map scale is identified asthe map of choice for land
navigators? 1 COLON fifty 000 scale military
(31:59):
topographic map. What are 7 factors that might
affect your pace? Count the slope of the terrain,
wind, what the terrain is made of, weather, clothing,
visibility and weight of rucksack.
What are safety considerations for land navigation training?
Conduct terrain Recon, identify hazards, roads, terrain,
(32:21):
wildlife, brief safety procedures, and planned casualty
evacuation. What is a map overlay?
A transparent sheet placed over a map to show tactical or
operational data. What are two field expedient
direction methods? Shadow stick method and using a
watch with the sun. What challenges exist in desert
(32:43):
navigation? Sparse features, heat mirages,
and sand obscuring paths. Why is jungle navigation
difficult? Limited visibility, dense
vegetation, and unreliable terrain association.
How does Arctic terrain affect navigation?
Snow and ice can obscure features.
(33:04):
Magnetic compasses may be unreliable.
What is composite risk management in land and Ava?
Decision making process to identify and mitigate hazards
during training. That's it for today's episode.
Thanks for studying with the Board Questions podcast.
Feel free to follow and comment so that more of your battle
(33:25):
buddies can study and strengthenyour unit.
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