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June 27, 2025 16 mins

Welcome to Gill1918, the track & field coaching podcast powered by Gill Athletics. Since 1918, Gill has been dedicated to empowering coaches with innovative equipment—now, we're bringing elite coaching education straight to your ears.

Our goal is to create the Ted Talks of track/field podcasts bringing the annual track clinic to your ears DAILY! Topics will include but are not limited to covering key strategies, techniques, and training principles to help you improve athlete performance, structure better workouts, enhance team culture, and more!

Whether you're a high school, collegiate, or club coach, Gill1918 is your go-to resource for quick, high-impact coaching education from the best minds in the sport.

📩 Want to contribute an episode? Submit your 10-30 minute coaching talk to mcunningham@gillathletics.com or read ⁠⁠THIS LINKEDIN ARTICLE⁠⁠ for information on how to get started. All coaches are invited to participate!

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Episode Transcript

Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
(00:00):
Welcome to the Gill 1918 Project, a podcast series by
coaches, for coaches, powered byGill Athletics.
Think of this as the Ted Talks of track and field coaching.
Short, insightful, and packed with valuable strategies to help
you grow as a coach. We're bringing the once a year
track clinic straight to your ears daily.
Interested in creating your own episode?
Everyone's welcome to participate.

(00:21):
Check out the show notes below For more information.
Now let's get into today's topic.
This is Alvin Nelson, Director of the Velocity Project and
associate Professor at the University of Wisconsin.
Today we're going to talk about the cause of running related
injuries. Despite changes in shoe
technology, training programs, healthcare coaching, and other

(00:41):
factors, the rate of running related injuries has remained
stable for decades. As humans we crave a single
solution, and as runners we talkabout this in ways that reflect
this desire. Maybe I'd in different shoes,
maybe you're running too fast, maybe you're not running fast
enough, maybe you need more cross training, and many other

(01:02):
strategies likely permeate the post run conversations of your
running group. Sadly, we know enough to know a
single solution won't fix the multifactorial problem of
running related injury. In 2017, Michael Bertelsen and
colleagues at our house university in Denmark published
A framework for the etiology of running related injuries in the

(01:24):
Scandinavian Journal of Medicineand Science and Sports.
The model explaining the cause of running related injuries
makes a ton of sense. I'm going to describe the model
and give some examples of how itapplies to running related
injuries. Then I'll share thoughts on
strategies to decrease someone'srisk for injury, and we'll also
describe some strategies for howwe can use this model to make

(01:49):
informed training decisions. And injury will occur anytime
the imposed load exceeds a tissue's capacity to withstand
that load. The imposed load can be from a
single event, as we witness whenwe watch a sprinter sustain a
hamstring strain on a single stride or a bone is broken
during a single fall. Here, the imposed load of that

(02:11):
single event exceeded the tissues capacity to not be
injured and withstand that load.Alternatively, the injury could
occur from an accumulating accumulating multiple loads that
then exceed the tissues tolerance over time, even though
no single load could cause an injury.
Bone stress injuries and tendon problems are common running

(02:33):
related injuries that recurred due to recurrent micro trauma.
The framework is a visual model so I want you to mentally
picture three boxes. Two small boxes are stacked on
top of each other on the left side that represent the load
capacity of a tissue. This could be any tissue, but
bone, tendon and muscle are common tissues that have running

(02:56):
related injuries. The box on the top represents
the tissue specific capacity entering a training session.
So when you're when you're on your training begins.
The tissue capacity to accept load at the moment the training
session begins is influenced by many things such as age, your
genetics, the tissue type, the general health status that you

(03:18):
have, or any other prior injuries that you may have
experienced previously. None of these factors can really
be changed. The modifiable things in this
upper left box representing the tissues ability to withstand the
load include prior training, your sleep, your diet, and the
time since your last training session.

(03:39):
These are modifiable things thatathletes and coaches control
that influence the tissues ability to withstand the load of
the training session. Coaches and athletes think about
many of these things, maybe all these things already in their
training and and coaching activities, but the fact that
the tissue's ability to tolerateload is influenced by factors

(04:02):
that are both modifiable and nonmodifiable.
The non modifiable being like your genes and your age or prior
injuries. They partially explain why 2
seemingly similar athletes, similar athletes have different
load tolerances or different injury resistance.
The lower box on the left side is the reduction in tissue

(04:24):
capacity that occurs during a training session.
In most training sessions this isn't a huge factor, but it is a
real world factor that will be in one of the examples that I
give you later. So the left side of your mental
diagram should have stacked boxes representing load
tolerance or the tissues capacity to withstand the load

(04:45):
imposed by running. The top box is the tissue's
capacity at the start of training and the bottom box is
the reduction in load capacity during the training session.
Could also think of that as fatigue.
The single large box on the right hand side contains all the
factors that contribute to the cumulative load during a
training session. There are four parts inside this

(05:07):
box. The magnitude of load on each
stride is determined by body weight, running speed, terrain,
and also running form. This is one of the four parts in
the box on the right. The distribution of load in each
stride is the second part of in the box on the right, and the

(05:28):
distribution of load on each stride is determined by the body
composition, body shape, runningform, footwear, and running
surface. The third part in this box, the
load to applied to each specifictissue during each running
stride. The load applied to each tissue
is determined by the 1st 2 parts, which is the amount of

(05:52):
load per stride and the distribution of that load during
each stride. It's impossible to really know
the structure specific load on every stride.
The variability in per stride load likely explains why certain
runners seem to be struggling with certain injuries.

(06:12):
The 4th and final part in this large box on the right hand side
of your mental diagram is the number of strides taken during
the training session. I don't know anybody who counts
the number of strides they take during a training session.
However, running distance, running duration, or training
volume are often tracked by runners and coaches, and many

(06:32):
runners track training volume very, very carefully.
The number of strides in the load applied to each stride
determine the cumulative load a specific tissue experiences
during each training session. Now imagine the boxes on the
right and left as if they're sitting on a teeter totter.

(06:54):
If the load of a training session outweighs the tissue
capacity and injury will occur, the right side of your mental
diagram will weigh more. If those training loads exceed
the tissue's capacity was drawn and the the right side will win.
If the tissue's capacity to tolerate the load or those

(07:16):
things on the left side is not exceeded, the left side of your
mental diagram will outweigh thetraining load and the athletes
going to remain healthy. If recovery is insufficient, the
right hand side will gradually outweigh the tissue tolerance on
the left hand side with an injury developing when the
tissue can no longer withstand the training loads.

(07:38):
Now let's go through some examples to to help this mental
model come to light in some realworld examples.
So here are some track and fieldexamples.
In the first one, a sprinter pulls up with a hamstring strain
during the maximum velocity phase of a race.
It's a devastating sight. We've all seen it and I, I don't
know about you, but it always just sort of hurts in my soul

(08:00):
when I see sprinters at at top end velocity get injured before
the end of the race. In those moments, the muscles
injured because it cannot produce the necessary force to
slow the leg segment, the part below the knee in a terminal
phase, terminal portion of the swing phase.
Excuse me, I often wonder why that stride was the moment of

(08:24):
injury. These athletes had remained
healthy when sprinting at Max velocity in other races.
In other practices, they may have even been running at Max
velocity in the previous few strides.
But for whatever reason, that was the stride that did it.
The tissue tolerance at that moment was insufficient to meet
the required force demands and the load exceeded the tissue

(08:47):
tolerance. Sometimes we've seen athletes
experience this type of hamstring strain injury late in
the Sprint. Race fatigue or also consider
the decline in tissue tolerance that occurs during the race may
be the explanation in that particular situation.
This example shows how load can acutely exceed a tissue

(09:09):
tolerance and how we may observeinjuries that result from the
decline of tissue tolerance during the running session.
An alternative example are bone stress injuries or stress
fractures. These are an examples of an
injury that occurs from accumulative accumulated load
over time rather than a single event.

(09:30):
Bone stress injuries occur when the frequency of loading
outpaces the bones ability to regenerate or heal from the
imposed load. Overall, bones are a highly
adaptive tissue with really goodregenerative capacity.
When a bone is broken, it typically heals and the healed
bone is extremely similar. Similar to the bone prior to the

(09:53):
injury, bones actually require load to stimulate bone
formation. However, the cumulative load per
running session will result in small levels of bone damage that
heal between running or other sport training sessions.
With insufficient time to recover, the bone progressively

(10:14):
accumulates damage until a bone stress injury occurs.
Reduced loading for a sufficientamount of time allows the bone
to heal, and this bone stress injury example shows how
acceptable loads in the right boxes may still lead to an
injury if the tissue's ability to withstand those loads is

(10:37):
insufficient. Now I'll briefly share some
strategies. I'm going to share additional
strategies and be more specific in some recommendations that I
make for other Gill 1918 podcasts.
This is an unsponsored plug to follow the Gill Connections

(10:57):
podcast so you know when any newepisode comes out.
I believe athletes are primarilyresponsible for the tissues
capacity with stand load imposedby running or the upper left box
in the mental image you you created.
An athlete optimizes their ability to tolerate training
load with sufficient sleep, a diet to provide adequate energy

(11:19):
availability and attention to rest.
Coaches can advise and recommend, but it's really up to
the athletes to follow through on this part.
Coaches have the the primary responsibility in the right box
that contributes to the cumulative load to the tissue as
a result of training. Thoughtful, purposeful training

(11:40):
plans with graded progression oftraining duration and intensity
should aim to optimize training stimulus while mitigating injury
risk. While the coaches who write
training workouts or training plans take the primary
responsibility, it's critical for athletes to adhere to the
training intent. Athletes who run hard on easy
days, add extra training beyond the session plan, or otherwise

(12:03):
do not adhere to the planned training risk injury because
they may exceed the tissue load.The running world has primarily
focused on distance and intensity. 1 researcher
described this as distance runners having a deep
infatuation with running volume.He was probably right.

(12:23):
The running community and track and field culture primarily
track and make our training decisions based on running
volume and intensity. These are only two of the four
parts in the right box of our mental diagram.
Running form, or more specifically changes in running
form, influence how loads are distributed across tissues

(12:44):
during each stride and may potentially influence the
magnitude of load for each stride.
Considering changes to running form in combination with running
volume and intensity produce a decision making pattern that
considers all four parts that determine the load per running
session. I'd encourage you to listen to

(13:06):
the Guild 1918 episode number 15where I discussed step rate as a
teaching tool. If you want to learn more about
a simple way to adjust running form.
Now, the framework I described provides a way to
comprehensively think about the cause of injuries.
Does not give a formula to avoidinjuries.
Injuries will occur because it'simpossible to determine exactly

(13:29):
how much load is being applied to each body tissue or what that
specific tissues fatigue point will be.
As competitive athletes push their training in a quest to
advance their performance, training will result in
injuries. However, I believe we should use
what we know to avoid injury, delay injury, hasten recovery

(13:50):
from injury, or lessen the injury severity.
We should use our our knowledge to achieve these goals.
I want to make another Gill 19 episode 1918 episode to talk
about interventions that will increase the load capacity for
specific tissues. But for now, let's focus on the
framework for injuries and the things we've talked about today.

(14:12):
My name is Evan Nelson and I'm the director of the Velocity
Project. I started the Velocity Project
because as a runner, running researcher, physical therapist,
youth sport coach and parent, I want the science of running to
positively impact athletes. The Velocity Project mission is
the seminate evidence based knowledge to enhance health,

(14:33):
performance or experience for youth track and field athletes.
This is my research line as a professor at the University of
Wisconsin, and we want to share research from us and from other
researchers and other places specifically that focus on high
school runners. We want to provide high school
coaches with knowledge and resources to implement new

(14:53):
knowledge into their practices. If you want to see our work or
learn more about what we're doing, follow us on social media
on Instagram or wisco dot velocity.
That's WISCO dot velocity. We're also the Velocity project
on Facebook or LinkedIn. Our project website is Velocity
project all one word at fammed.whisk.edu.

(15:18):
That's velocity project all one word fa.fammed.wisc.edu.
Or listen to our podcast called Science on Track, which is
available on Spotify, Amazon, Apple, or your favorite podcast
platform. I'm happy to connect with you at
any time. I love talking about running,

(15:40):
running injuries and even more preventing running injuries.
So thanks for listening to this episode.
I hope you'll turn tune into other Gill 1918 episodes that
that we make. Thanks a lot.
Hey gang, Mike Cunningham here. Hey, I hope you enjoyed this
episode of the Gill 1918 Projectseries.
It's really my mission, my passion to bring you massive

(16:03):
amounts of value and I hope thisone hit the mark.
The Gill 1918 Project is really dependent on you if for you to
build your own episode, to hear your voice, to have your voice
heard you have something to say and teach other coaches out
there. So please get a hold of me,
E-mail, text message, Twitter, smoke signals, get a hold of me

(16:25):
and let's help create your episode of the Guild 1918
Project. Hope you enjoy the day, they
will see you tomorrow.
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