November 3, 2023 • 17 mins
Serpentinization Makes Jade - Dr. Josh Stout's theory on How it will Save the World and May be the Origin of Life
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(00:07):
Hello.
It's
November
2nd.
This
is
Dr.
Stout,
and
I
would
like
to
talk
about
how
serpent
modernization
makes
the
jade
for
me,
but
also
may
save
the
world
and
maybe
the
origin
of
life
itself.
This
is
sort
of
a
technical
supplement.
I'm
going
to
be
talking
about
some
things
outside
of
my
(00:27):
specialty,
my
geology,
chemistry,
a
range
of
really
specialized
technical
information.
That
is
not
my
usual
topic,
but
I'm
really
interested
in
these
subjects,
obviously,
because
I
like
to
carve
jade
and
also
because
I'm
interested
in
(00:48):
the
origin
of
life
and
saving
the
world.
So
what
is
serpentine
is
Asian,
so
suspension
is
Asian
is
when
water
comes
down
from
the
surface
and
encounters
a
batch
of
iron
(01:08):
containing
rocks
in
the
sort
of
a
set
set
of
conditions
of
decent
amount
of
pressure
and
a
high
temperature,
but
not
too
high.
And
then
the
rock,
the
iron
in
the
rock
becomes
oxidized
and
the
oxygen
is
coming
from
the
water.
And
so
it
releases
hydrogen.
And
so
this
was
(01:28):
in
the
news
recently
where
a
new
drill
hole
in
France
that
was
looking
for
natural
gas
actually
found
hydrogen
instead.
And
so
this
is
very
exciting.
And
it
may
well
be
the
saving
of
the
world
because
it
is
clean
hydrogen
that
doesn't
need
other
forms
of
energy
(01:48):
to
produce
it.
Obviously,
there's
a
little
bit
of
energy
in
getting
it
out
of
the
ground
in
the
first
place.
But
other
than
that,
it
is
the
perfect
green
energy
source.
When
you
burn
hydrogen,
it
just
combined
with
oxygen
to
make
water
again.
So
there's
no
pollution,
there's
no
particulate
matter.
It
is
just
about
the
perfect
fuel.
It
has
a
couple
of
problems
with
storage
and
things
like
that.
It's
very,
very
(02:08):
bulky.
But
in
terms
of
just
a
perfect
fuel,
it's
really
hard
to
beat
the
cleanness
of
hydrogen.
So
why
am
I
so
interested
in
serpentine
ization?
It
happens
really
anywhere.
Water
can
encounter
iron,
particularly
in
a
silicates
(02:30):
rock
form,
and
it's
mimicking
the
same
kind
of
actions
that
happen
when
life
in
a
marsh
or
in
a
deep
sea
area
also
has
iron
encountering
water.
So
microbes
in
low
oxygen
or
no
oxygen
environments
can
actually
(02:51):
use
iron
and
combine
it
in
various
ways
with
water
as
a
form
of
energy.
Sometimes
this
is
an
abiotic
process
that
releases
hydrogen
that
the
bacteria
can
then
use
themselves.
So
it's
also
a
form
of
food
for
the
bacteria
if
it's
abiotic.
(03:11):
But
I
suspect
in
many
cases
it
is
a
biotic
mediated
process
that
is
changing
iron
f
e
to
oxidized
forms
first,
f,
e
two,
and
then
fe3.
So
the
two
forms
of
(03:31):
ferric
and
then
ferrous
iron
that
have
very
different
looks
and
the
fair
ferric
iron,
the
fe2
is
red,
while
ferrous
iron
becomes
fe3
and
is,
is,
is
green.
And
that
is
what
the
green
in
my
jade
is.
So
this
is
a
process
that
is
happening
(03:51):
really
everywhere
that
there
is
both
water
and
iron
and
the
bacteria
are
using
these
as
energy
forms.
And
the
interesting
thing
is
there
is
a
competition
between
abiotic
processes
and
life
and
any
energy
that's
just
there
to
be
scavenged.
Life
would
like
to
(04:11):
use
it,
but
sometimes
it
just,
you
know,
things
burn
on
their
own
without
life
being
involved
in
oxidizing
something
or
moving
electrons
around.
So
in
the
in
the
deep
sea,
it
turns
out
and
in
in
marshes
and
in
where
Yes,
again
everywhere
this
is
happening,
it
turns
(04:31):
out
that
under
slightly
acidic
conditions,
bacteria
can
often
produce
the
abiotic
sources.
And
then
what
they'll
do
is
they'll
turn
F2
to
F3.
The
part
I'm
particularly
interested
in
and
in
the
(04:51):
production
of
F3,
the
iron
becomes
less
toxic
to
the
bacteria,
it
becomes
less
soluble
and
it
ends
up
ends
up
being
excreted
as
a
iron
oxide
and
actually
does
these
really
weird
things.
It
makes
these
long
braided
strands
as
the
bacteria
get
rid
of
the
excess
iron.
So
as
they're
essentially
eating
(05:11):
iron
there,
there,
there,
they're
iron
poop,
looks
like
long
threads
and
this
forms
bacterial
mats.
You
might
have
actually
seen
this
sometimes
streams
in
the
summertime
as
they're
running
low.
I
will
be
a
little
bit
acidic
and
you'll
start
to
see
a
sort
of
red
slime
forming
on
the
base
(05:32):
bottom
of
the
stream
that
is
actually
iron
oxidizing
bacteria
making
that
reddish
slime.
But
in
other
conditions
that
would
be
green.
Now,
obviously,
you
know,
in
a
in
a
stream
on
the
surface,
you're
going
can
have
enough
oxygen
that
it
can
form
other
other
forms
of
of
of
iron
oxide.
And
then
the
green
one.
(05:52):
But
the
green
one
happens
preferentially
under
very
deep
conditions,
preferentially
at
about
what
is
about
18
K
bar,
which
I
had
to
look
up
at,
that's
about
18,000
times
14
and
a
half
pounds
(06:13):
is
the
actual
pressure
comparing
it
to
sort
of
PSI.
So
pounds
per
square
inch
it
would
be
18,000
times
14
and
a
half
to
give
you
a
total
pressure
and
happens
about
300
degrees
centigrade.
So
it's
an
eight
K
bar
and
300
C,
(06:33):
so
it's
hot,
but
not
incredibly
hot.
And
these
are
temperatures
that
life
might
actually
be
able
to
exist
at
those
pressures.
Water
doesn't
boil.
So
the
the
cells
wouldn't
burst.
And
if
life
is
able
to
outcompete
the
abiotic
factors
under
these
circumstances,
it's
a
very
useful
(06:53):
form
of
energy.
So
there
is
a
ton
of
energy
released
in
the
process
of
oxidizing
iron.
It's
a
very
exothermic
reaction.
And
one
of
the
interesting
aspects
of
it
is
that
as
the
reaction
occurs,
it
releases
the
heat
to
the
to
(07:14):
more
or
less
the
temperature
that
it
needs.
And
obviously
there's
different
depths
where
you
can
find
the
right
temperature,
but
it
makes
its
own
heat
and
it
releases
about
300
degrees
worth
of
heat
and
it
delivered
about
300
degrees,
303
50.
So
if
it
gets
too
hot,
the
process
slows
down.
And
if
it
cools
down,
the
process
slows
down.
So
there's
an
optimal
temperature,
(07:34):
but
it's
able
to
simply
because
the
process
exists,
the
process
will
expand
the
region
of
that
optimal
temperature
by
producing
its
own
heat.
So
it's
a
really
interesting
reaction
that
has
similarities
to
the
way
bodies
work,
right?
So
that
bodies
are
working
at
a
particular
temperature
at
which
they
work
best
to
produce
that
(07:55):
particular
temperature.
It's
it's
a
homeostasis.
And
there
is
also
a
changing
from
one
thing
to
another
and
changing
the
iron
into
the
iron
three
and
changing
taking
the
oxygen
out
of
the
water
and
releasing
hydrogen.
That's
metabolism.
So
there's
many
aspects
of
this
that
really
(08:15):
resemble
life
and
to
me
are
almost
a,
you
know,
interesting
way
of
thinking
about
how
the
earth
is
in
a
certain
way
alive.
And
it
might
actually
be
life,
it
might
actually
be
bacteria
helping
this
process.
And
one
of
the
sort
of
interesting
side
things
about
this
is
serpentine
is
(08:35):
Asian
making
serpentine
involves
a
sort
of
fibrous
matted
look
to
the
the
resulting
minerals,
particularly
jade.
If
you
look
at
jade,
it
looks
like
almost
like
felt
like
like
fibers
that
have
been
laid
down
flat
and
all
tangled
together.
And
that's
what
gives
Jade
its
toughness.
(08:56):
And
if
you
look
at
bacterial
mats
that
have
been
oxidizing
iron
as
these
threads
come
out
of
the
bacteria,
they
also
form
these
kinds
of
matted
kinds
of
felted
looks.
And
I
find
the
the
similarity
somewhat
compelling.
I
mean,
obviously
I
can't
(09:16):
prove
anything
because
they
happen
to
both
have
these
thin
matted
threads.
But
it's
the
kind
of
thing
that
is
at
least,
you
know,
circumstantial
evidence
that
these
are
bacterial
mediated
reactions
that
might
be
producing
the
very
rocks
I
carve,
which
I
find
very
interesting.
The
(09:37):
the
matting
process
produces
iron
that
is
pretty
resistant.
It's
insoluble.
And
so
these
would
make
excellent
fossils.
And
one
of
one
of
the
ideas
about
Jade
is
that
it's
often
what's
called
metal
somatic.
It's
a
wonderful
world
word
meta,
meaning,
you
know,
(09:57):
changing
or
going
beyond
and
somatic
meaning
body
and
it's
when
one
rock
replaces
another
rock.
And
so
Jade
is
often
seen
as
being
metal,
somatic
and,
and
replacing
other
other
other
other
things.
And
it
may
well
have
been
associated
with
this
kind
of
iron
matting
or
a
(10:17):
little
further
out,
a
little
more
science
fictiony,
the
silica
in
jade
and
the
iron
in
jade
together
might
be
some
sort
of
I
bacterial
or
living,
let's
say,
form
of
production
archaea
are
also
down
there
doing
some
of
these
things
and
there
may
well
be
other
forms
(10:37):
of
life
similar
to
life
that
we
know
we're
not,
not,
not,
not
to
science
fiction,
but,
you
know,
DNA
based
life
with
cells
that
we
don't
even
know
about.
Right.
So
archaea
were
only
found
in
the
seventies.
Now
we're
realizing
they're
everywhere.
But
there
could
well
be
things
that
are
down
there
that
we
don't
know
about
it.
Those
pressures
and
those
temperatures
are
even
more
science
(10:57):
fiction.
There
might
be
some
sort
of
thing
that's
involving
transformation
of
silica
itself.
You
know,
back
in
the
early
days
of
science
fiction,
that
was
often
one
of
the
speculations
that
there
was
some
sort
of
silica
life.
I'm
not
saying
there
is
Everything
I
see
could
easily
be
done
by
bacteria,
but
it's
kind
of
fun
to
think
about
that.
(11:18):
The
very
beginnings
of
of
of
life
may
have
involved
some
some
aspects
of
silica
chemistry.
I
haven't
really
talked
about
that
part
of
it
or
why
why
I
keep
mentioning
this
at
the
beginning
of
life,
not
just
something
producing
free
hydrogen
that'll
give
us
clean
energy,
but
(11:39):
the
idea
is
that
when
this
hydrogen
is
produced,
it's
often
produced
both
in
coastal
margins
and
at
sea
for
seafloor
spreading
areas
and
near
hydrothermal
vents.
And
when
this
hydrogen
is
produced,
it's
a
rich
source
of
food
for
bacteria.
And
so
chemo,
synthetic
(12:00):
bacteria,
it's
bacteria
that
are
able
to
eat
chemicals
as
opposed
to,
say,
photosynthetic
bacteria
that
are
eating
life
sorry,
heating
light
the
chemo
synthetic
bacteria
are
using
I
generally
assumed
to
be
abiotic
produced
(12:20):
chemicals
such
as
hydrogen
as
as
direct
sources
of
energy.
I'm
wondering
if
this
hydrogen
isn't
also
being
produced
by
other
other
living
organisms.
And
that
would
that
would
go
along
with
a
lot
of
the
way
life
works,
right?
Life
tends
to
make
its
own
habitat,
right?
It
life
(12:40):
makes
soil
that
plants
can
grow
in,
plants
feed
the
animals,
etc..
So
it
life
makes
the
habitat
for
itself.
Perhaps
the
hydrogen
that
is
being
produced
is
actually
being
produced
by
bacteria
that
I
think
there
are
some
cases
where
that
is
definitely
the
case
and
that
these
this
hydrogen
then
provides
(13:01):
a
ecosystem
for
a
whole
wealth
of
other
bacteria
and
then
higher
forms
of
life
above
that.
And
so
one
speculation
is
that
these
oases
of
of
of
life
may
have
provided
a
way
for
living
chemistry
to
develop
in
the
very
early
days
of
of
of
Earth
at
the
very
beginning,
the
(13:21):
Earth
was
not
habitable
by
anything,
by
any
any
forms
of
life.
And
there
were,
you
know,
asteroids
hitting
all
the
time,
comets
hitting
all
the
time.
It
would
have
been
a,
you
know,
a
terrible
place
for
for
life
to
evolve.
But
having
a
protective
blanket
of
an
ocean
on
top
of
you
would
have
would
have
allowed
life
to
exist
in
a
(13:41):
somewhat
more
stable
environment.
The
problem
is
it's
not
exposed
to
any
sunlight,
so
there
wouldn't
be
any
forms
of
energy
to
be
used
that
we
normally
think
of.
As
you
know,
everything
is
based
on
on
the
sun's
energy.
So
it
would
have
to
be
the
chemo,
synthetic
energy.
And
so
one
of
the
leading
theories
for
(14:01):
the
beginning
of
life
is
that
it
happened
at
these
underwater
sites.
Sometimes
people
have,
say,
hy
vents,
or
it
could
be
ocean
seafloor
spreading
areas
where
it
was
it
was
stable
and
gave
a
place
for
life
to
develop
over
time.
Another
really
interesting
thing
is
there's
been
periods,
(14:22):
periodic
times
when
there
was
the
life,
the
earth
was
covered
with
ice
and
snow,
and
there
would
have
been
in
any
place
for
life
to
exist
on
the
surface.
And
during
these
times,
the
hydrothermal
vent
communities
and
these
chemo's
synthetic
vent
communities
may
well
have
been
a
way
for
life
to
(14:42):
survive
during
these
times
when
Earth
would
have
not
been
habitable
in
any
way.
That
was
ice
from
pole
to
pole.
So
it's
really
interesting
to
think
about
how
these
things
are
connected.
Suspension
ization,
the
the
the
formation
of
serpentine
releases.
Naturally
hydrogen,
it's
about
(15:03):
somewhere
around
a
half,
a
half
a
gram
per
kilo
of
of
serpentine,
of
hydrogen
that
gets
produced
and
that's
a
tonne.
Right.
So
rock
is
heavy
and
for
every
kilo
of
it
you're
going
to
get
a
half,
a
half
gram
of,
of,
of
hydrogen,
which
is
a
tremendous,
tremendous
production
rate.
So
this
is,
this
is,
this
is
a
(15:23):
very
hopeful
thing
to
think
about.
And
it's
making
jade
for
me,
which
is
just
wonderful.
The
chemistry
is
is
is
very
involved.
I
definitely
do
not
understand
all
the
aspects
of
it,
but
it's
really
neat
to
see
all
the
bits
that
I
that
I
can
can
understand
when
I,
when
I
notice
something.
You
know,
for
example,
one
of
the
side
chains
(15:43):
is
making
something
called
magnesite,
not
magnetite.
And
I
would
have
thought
that
magnesite
was
almost
the
same
thing
as
magnetite.
Magnetite
is
another
oxidized
form
of
of
iron,
perhaps
produced
by
bacteria.
There
are
bacteria
that
definitely
produce
magnetite,
but
magnesite
is
a
magnesium
(16:06):
carbonate.
And
so
magnesite
when
it
forms
is
going
to
be
taking
CO2
out
of
out
of
the
water.
So
this
may
be
a
way
that
global
warming
can
be
addressed
as
well,
that
the
carbonate
rocks
may
be
a
way
to
sequester
CO2.
So
the
entire
process
is
is
is
wonderfully
interesting.
(16:26):
And,
you
know,
in
the
news
today
and
as
related
to
evolution
in
general,
the
development
of
life,
the
beginning
of
life.
And
I
thought
it
would
be
worth
talking
about
a
little
bit
as
sort
of
a
side
technical
note
before
we
get
back
to
some
of
my
other
other
discussions.
Thank
you.
Hello.
It's
November
2nd.
This
is
Dr.
Stout,
and
I
would
like
to
talk
about
how
serpent
modernization
makes
the
jade
for
me,
but
also
may
save
the
world
and
maybe
the
origin
of
life
itself.
This
is
sort
of
a
technical
supplement.
I'm
going
to
be
talking
about
some
things
outside
of
my
(00:27):
specialty,
my
geology,
chemistry,
a
range
of
really
specialized
technical
information.
That
is
not
my
usual
topic,
but
I'm
really
interested
in
these
subjects,
obviously,
because
I
like
to
carve
jade
and
also
because
I'm
interested
in
(00:48):
the
origin
of
life
and
saving
the
world.
So
what
is
serpentine
is
Asian,
so
suspension
is
Asian
is
when
water
comes
down
from
the
surface
and
encounters
a
batch
of
iron
(01:08):
containing
rocks
in
the
sort
of
a
set
set
of
conditions
of
decent
amount
of
pressure
and
a
high
temperature,
but
not
too
high.
And
then
the
rock,
the
iron
in
the
rock
becomes
oxidized
and
the
oxygen
is
coming
from
the
water.
And
so
it
releases
hydrogen.
And
so
this
was
(01:28):
in
the
news
recently
where
a
new
drill
hole
in
France
that
was
looking
for
natural
gas
actually
found
hydrogen
instead.
And
so
this
is
very
exciting.
And
it
may
well
be
the
saving
of
the
world
because
it
is
clean
hydrogen
that
doesn't
need
other
forms
of
energy
(01:48):
to
produce
it.
Obviously,
there's
a
little
bit
of
energy
in
getting
it
out
of
the
ground
in
the
first
place.
But
other
than
that,
it
is
the
perfect
green
energy
source.
When
you
burn
hydrogen,
it
just
combined
with
oxygen
to
make
water
again.
So
there's
no
pollution,
there's
no
particulate
matter.
It
is
just
about
the
perfect
fuel.
It
has
a
couple
of
problems
with
storage
and
things
like
that.
It's
very,
very
(02:08):
bulky.
But
in
terms
of
just
a
perfect
fuel,
it's
really
hard
to
beat
the
cleanness
of
hydrogen.
So
why
am
I
so
interested
in
serpentine
ization?
It
happens
really
anywhere.
Water
can
encounter
iron,
particularly
in
a
silicates
(02:30):
rock
form,
and
it's
mimicking
the
same
kind
of
actions
that
happen
when
life
in
a
marsh
or
in
a
deep
sea
area
also
has
iron
encountering
water.
So
microbes
in
low
oxygen
or
no
oxygen
environments
can
actually
(02:51):
use
iron
and
combine
it
in
various
ways
with
water
as
a
form
of
energy.
Sometimes
this
is
an
abiotic
process
that
releases
hydrogen
that
the
bacteria
can
then
use
themselves.
So
it's
also
a
form
of
food
for
the
bacteria
if
it's
abiotic.
(03:11):
But
I
suspect
in
many
cases
it
is
a
biotic
mediated
process
that
is
changing
iron
f
e
to
oxidized
forms
first,
f,
e
two,
and
then
fe3.
So
the
two
forms
of
(03:31):
ferric
and
then
ferrous
iron
that
have
very
different
looks
and
the
fair
ferric
iron,
the
fe2
is
red,
while
ferrous
iron
becomes
fe3
and
is,
is,
is
green.
And
that
is
what
the
green
in
my
jade
is.
So
this
is
a
process
that
is
happening
(03:51):
really
everywhere
that
there
is
both
water
and
iron
and
the
bacteria
are
using
these
as
energy
forms.
And
the
interesting
thing
is
there
is
a
competition
between
abiotic
processes
and
life
and
any
energy
that's
just
there
to
be
scavenged.
Life
would
like
to
(04:11):
use
it,
but
sometimes
it
just,
you
know,
things
burn
on
their
own
without
life
being
involved
in
oxidizing
something
or
moving
electrons
around.
So
in
the
in
the
deep
sea,
it
turns
out
and
in
in
marshes
and
in
where
Yes,
again
everywhere
this
is
happening,
it
turns
(04:31):
out
that
under
slightly
acidic
conditions,
bacteria
can
often
produce
the
abiotic
sources.
And
then
what
they'll
do
is
they'll
turn
F2
to
F3.
The
part
I'm
particularly
interested
in
and
in
the
(04:51):
production
of
F3,
the
iron
becomes
less
toxic
to
the
bacteria,
it
becomes
less
soluble
and
it
ends
up
ends
up
being
excreted
as
a
iron
oxide
and
actually
does
these
really
weird
things.
It
makes
these
long
braided
strands
as
the
bacteria
get
rid
of
the
excess
iron.
So
as
they're
essentially
eating
(05:11):
iron
there,
there,
there,
they're
iron
poop,
looks
like
long
threads
and
this
forms
bacterial
mats.
You
might
have
actually
seen
this
sometimes
streams
in
the
summertime
as
they're
running
low.
I
will
be
a
little
bit
acidic
and
you'll
start
to
see
a
sort
of
red
slime
forming
on
the
base
(05:32):
bottom
of
the
stream
that
is
actually
iron
oxidizing
bacteria
making
that
reddish
slime.
But
in
other
conditions
that
would
be
green.
Now,
obviously,
you
know,
in
a
in
a
stream
on
the
surface,
you're
going
can
have
enough
oxygen
that
it
can
form
other
other
forms
of
of
of
iron
oxide.
And
then
the
green
one.
(05:52):
But
the
green
one
happens
preferentially
under
very
deep
conditions,
preferentially
at
about
what
is
about
18
K
bar,
which
I
had
to
look
up
at,
that's
about
18,000
times
14
and
a
half
pounds
(06:13):
is
the
actual
pressure
comparing
it
to
sort
of
PSI.
So
pounds
per
square
inch
it
would
be
18,000
times
14
and
a
half
to
give
you
a
total
pressure
and
happens
about
300
degrees
centigrade.
So
it's
an
eight
K
bar
and
300
C,
(06:33):
so
it's
hot,
but
not
incredibly
hot.
And
these
are
temperatures
that
life
might
actually
be
able
to
exist
at
those
pressures.
Water
doesn't
boil.
So
the
the
cells
wouldn't
burst.
And
if
life
is
able
to
outcompete
the
abiotic
factors
under
these
circumstances,
it's
a
very
useful
(06:53):
form
of
energy.
So
there
is
a
ton
of
energy
released
in
the
process
of
oxidizing
iron.
It's
a
very
exothermic
reaction.
And
one
of
the
interesting
aspects
of
it
is
that
as
the
reaction
occurs,
it
releases
the
heat
to
the
to
(07:14):
more
or
less
the
temperature
that
it
needs.
And
obviously
there's
different
depths
where
you
can
find
the
right
temperature,
but
it
makes
its
own
heat
and
it
releases
about
300
degrees
worth
of
heat
and
it
delivered
about
300
degrees,
303
50.
So
if
it
gets
too
hot,
the
process
slows
down.
And
if
it
cools
down,
the
process
slows
down.
So
there's
an
optimal
temperature,
(07:34):
but
it's
able
to
simply
because
the
process
exists,
the
process
will
expand
the
region
of
that
optimal
temperature
by
producing
its
own
heat.
So
it's
a
really
interesting
reaction
that
has
similarities
to
the
way
bodies
work,
right?
So
that
bodies
are
working
at
a
particular
temperature
at
which
they
work
best
to
produce
that
(07:55):
particular
temperature.
It's
it's
a
homeostasis.
And
there
is
also
a
changing
from
one
thing
to
another
and
changing
the
iron
into
the
iron
three
and
changing
taking
the
oxygen
out
of
the
water
and
releasing
hydrogen.
That's
metabolism.
So
there's
many
aspects
of
this
that
really
(08:15):
resemble
life
and
to
me
are
almost
a,
you
know,
interesting
way
of
thinking
about
how
the
earth
is
in
a
certain
way
alive.
And
it
might
actually
be
life,
it
might
actually
be
bacteria
helping
this
process.
And
one
of
the
sort
of
interesting
side
things
about
this
is
serpentine
is
(08:35):
Asian
making
serpentine
involves
a
sort
of
fibrous
matted
look
to
the
the
resulting
minerals,
particularly
jade.
If
you
look
at
jade,
it
looks
like
almost
like
felt
like
like
fibers
that
have
been
laid
down
flat
and
all
tangled
together.
And
that's
what
gives
Jade
its
toughness.
(08:56):
And
if
you
look
at
bacterial
mats
that
have
been
oxidizing
iron
as
these
threads
come
out
of
the
bacteria,
they
also
form
these
kinds
of
matted
kinds
of
felted
looks.
And
I
find
the
the
similarity
somewhat
compelling.
I
mean,
obviously
I
can't
(09:16):
prove
anything
because
they
happen
to
both
have
these
thin
matted
threads.
But
it's
the
kind
of
thing
that
is
at
least,
you
know,
circumstantial
evidence
that
these
are
bacterial
mediated
reactions
that
might
be
producing
the
very
rocks
I
carve,
which
I
find
very
interesting.
The
(09:37):
the
matting
process
produces
iron
that
is
pretty
resistant.
It's
insoluble.
And
so
these
would
make
excellent
fossils.
And
one
of
one
of
the
ideas
about
Jade
is
that
it's
often
what's
called
metal
somatic.
It's
a
wonderful
world
word
meta,
meaning,
you
know,
(09:57):
changing
or
going
beyond
and
somatic
meaning
body
and
it's
when
one
rock
replaces
another
rock.
And
so
Jade
is
often
seen
as
being
metal,
somatic
and,
and
replacing
other
other
other
other
things.
And
it
may
well
have
been
associated
with
this
kind
of
iron
matting
or
a
(10:17):
little
further
out,
a
little
more
science
fictiony,
the
silica
in
jade
and
the
iron
in
jade
together
might
be
some
sort
of
I
bacterial
or
living,
let's
say,
form
of
production
archaea
are
also
down
there
doing
some
of
these
things
and
there
may
well
be
other
forms
(10:37):
of
life
similar
to
life
that
we
know
we're
not,
not,
not,
not
to
science
fiction,
but,
you
know,
DNA
based
life
with
cells
that
we
don't
even
know
about.
Right.
So
archaea
were
only
found
in
the
seventies.
Now
we're
realizing
they're
everywhere.
But
there
could
well
be
things
that
are
down
there
that
we
don't
know
about
it.
Those
pressures
and
those
temperatures
are
even
more
science
(10:57):
fiction.
There
might
be
some
sort
of
thing
that's
involving
transformation
of
silica
itself.
You
know,
back
in
the
early
days
of
science
fiction,
that
was
often
one
of
the
speculations
that
there
was
some
sort
of
silica
life.
I'm
not
saying
there
is
Everything
I
see
could
easily
be
done
by
bacteria,
but
it's
kind
of
fun
to
think
about
that.
(11:18):
The
very
beginnings
of
of
of
life
may
have
involved
some
some
aspects
of
silica
chemistry.
I
haven't
really
talked
about
that
part
of
it
or
why
why
I
keep
mentioning
this
at
the
beginning
of
life,
not
just
something
producing
free
hydrogen
that'll
give
us
clean
energy,
but
(11:39):
the
idea
is
that
when
this
hydrogen
is
produced,
it's
often
produced
both
in
coastal
margins
and
at
sea
for
seafloor
spreading
areas
and
near
hydrothermal
vents.
And
when
this
hydrogen
is
produced,
it's
a
rich
source
of
food
for
bacteria.
And
so
chemo,
synthetic
(12:00):
bacteria,
it's
bacteria
that
are
able
to
eat
chemicals
as
opposed
to,
say,
photosynthetic
bacteria
that
are
eating
life
sorry,
heating
light
the
chemo
synthetic
bacteria
are
using
I
generally
assumed
to
be
abiotic
produced
(12:20):
chemicals
such
as
hydrogen
as
as
direct
sources
of
energy.
I'm
wondering
if
this
hydrogen
isn't
also
being
produced
by
other
other
living
organisms.
And
that
would
that
would
go
along
with
a
lot
of
the
way
life
works,
right?
Life
tends
to
make
its
own
habitat,
right?
It
life
(12:40):
makes
soil
that
plants
can
grow
in,
plants
feed
the
animals,
etc..
So
it
life
makes
the
habitat
for
itself.
Perhaps
the
hydrogen
that
is
being
produced
is
actually
being
produced
by
bacteria
that
I
think
there
are
some
cases
where
that
is
definitely
the
case
and
that
these
this
hydrogen
then
provides
(13:01):
a
ecosystem
for
a
whole
wealth
of
other
bacteria
and
then
higher
forms
of
life
above
that.
And
so
one
speculation
is
that
these
oases
of
of
of
life
may
have
provided
a
way
for
living
chemistry
to
develop
in
the
very
early
days
of
of
of
Earth
at
the
very
beginning,
the
(13:21):
Earth
was
not
habitable
by
anything,
by
any
any
forms
of
life.
And
there
were,
you
know,
asteroids
hitting
all
the
time,
comets
hitting
all
the
time.
It
would
have
been
a,
you
know,
a
terrible
place
for
for
life
to
evolve.
But
having
a
protective
blanket
of
an
ocean
on
top
of
you
would
have
would
have
allowed
life
to
exist
in
a
(13:41):
somewhat
more
stable
environment.
The
problem
is
it's
not
exposed
to
any
sunlight,
so
there
wouldn't
be
any
forms
of
energy
to
be
used
that
we
normally
think
of.
As
you
know,
everything
is
based
on
on
the
sun's
energy.
So
it
would
have
to
be
the
chemo,
synthetic
energy.
And
so
one
of
the
leading
theories
for
(14:01):
the
beginning
of
life
is
that
it
happened
at
these
underwater
sites.
Sometimes
people
have,
say,
hy
vents,
or
it
could
be
ocean
seafloor
spreading
areas
where
it
was
it
was
stable
and
gave
a
place
for
life
to
develop
over
time.
Another
really
interesting
thing
is
there's
been
periods,
(14:22):
periodic
times
when
there
was
the
life,
the
earth
was
covered
with
ice
and
snow,
and
there
would
have
been
in
any
place
for
life
to
exist
on
the
surface.
And
during
these
times,
the
hydrothermal
vent
communities
and
these
chemo's
synthetic
vent
communities
may
well
have
been
a
way
for
life
to
(14:42):
survive
during
these
times
when
Earth
would
have
not
been
habitable
in
any
way.
That
was
ice
from
pole
to
pole.
So
it's
really
interesting
to
think
about
how
these
things
are
connected.
Suspension
ization,
the
the
the
formation
of
serpentine
releases.
Naturally
hydrogen,
it's
about
(15:03):
somewhere
around
a
half,
a
half
a
gram
per
kilo
of
of
serpentine,
of
hydrogen
that
gets
produced
and
that's
a
tonne.
Right.
So
rock
is
heavy
and
for
every
kilo
of
it
you're
going
to
get
a
half,
a
half
gram
of,
of,
of
hydrogen,
which
is
a
tremendous,
tremendous
production
rate.
So
this
is,
this
is,
this
is
a
(15:23):
very
hopeful
thing
to
think
about.
And
it's
making
jade
for
me,
which
is
just
wonderful.
The
chemistry
is
is
is
very
involved.
I
definitely
do
not
understand
all
the
aspects
of
it,
but
it's
really
neat
to
see
all
the
bits
that
I
that
I
can
can
understand
when
I,
when
I
notice
something.
You
know,
for
example,
one
of
the
side
chains
(15:43):
is
making
something
called
magnesite,
not
magnetite.
And
I
would
have
thought
that
magnesite
was
almost
the
same
thing
as
magnetite.
Magnetite
is
another
oxidized
form
of
of
iron,
perhaps
produced
by
bacteria.
There
are
bacteria
that
definitely
produce
magnetite,
but
magnesite
is
a
magnesium
(16:06):
carbonate.
And
so
magnesite
when
it
forms
is
going
to
be
taking
CO2
out
of
out
of
the
water.
So
this
may
be
a
way
that
global
warming
can
be
addressed
as
well,
that
the
carbonate
rocks
may
be
a
way
to
sequester
CO2.
So
the
entire
process
is
is
is
wonderfully
interesting.
(16:26):
And,
you
know,
in
the
news
today
and
as
related
to
evolution
in
general,
the
development
of
life,
the
beginning
of
life.
And
I
thought
it
would
be
worth
talking
about
a
little
bit
as
sort
of
a
side
technical
note
before
we
get
back
to
some
of
my
other
other
discussions.
Thank
you.
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