April 26, 2021 • 31 mins
Part one of our early 2021 edition of Unearthed! covers updates, cute animals and their pictures, edibles and potables, and shipwrecks.
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Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production
of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
I'm Tracy Vie Wilson and I'm Holly fry Kid. Is
time We're unearthed. If you're new to this show, this
(00:22):
is the time when we talk about things that have
been literally or figuratively unearthed over the last few months.
Back when the pandemic started, I really wasn't sure how
it was going to affect these episodes because a lot
of the things that we talked about come from archaeological
digs and on site work at historical sites and museums,
and a lot of that and a lot of the
(00:42):
world has either been suspended or cut way back for
at least part of the last year, but there's still
been plenty of stuff to talk about, enough stuff in
the first three months of this year that we have
two parts to this episode. Today we will have the
updates two previous episodes of the show. We will have
(01:03):
cute animals and their pictures um which I was kind
of delighted by finding enough stuff to categorize that way,
also edibles and potables and shipwrecks, and the next time
we will have the exhumations and the books and letters
and some other favorites. In part two in May ofen,
we talked about pirate Henry every who ambush of the
(01:27):
Mughal ship Ganji So Why caused an international incident and
led to a worldwide man hunt. Every was last seen
in Ireland in sixteen six but then he vanished. So
for the first of these updates, and a metal detectorist
found a coin with Arabic writing at Sweetberry Farm in
(01:47):
Rhode Island. It has since been confirmed that this coin
was minted in Yemen in sixte and there aren't really
any records of contact between the Arabian peninsula and this
part of New England quite that early, so one conclusion
is that this coin belonged to the escaped pirate or
one of his crew, and that it was part of
(02:09):
the plunder from the Ganji Suai. Since that discovery, fifteen
similar coins have been found across Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut.
There was also one found in North Carolina, where some
of Every's men are documented as arriving. Jim Bailey, who
unearthed that coin at the Berry Farm, published his research
into all of this in the American Numismatic Society's Colonial newsletter,
(02:33):
which is now known as the Journal of Early American Numismatics.
In Seen, Bailey suggests that every and some of his
crew left the Bahamas aboard the Sea Flower, which arrived
in Newport, Rhode Island, on May six six. The Sea
Flower was carrying forty seven enslaved Africans and is often
described as the first slave ship to arrive in Newport,
(02:56):
which later became one of North America's primary slave trading ports.
The crew of the Sea Flower sold fourteen of the
enslaved people aboard before departing for Ireland, arriving there in
late June. So there are historical accounts of the Sea Flower.
Some of them are from members of every pirate crew,
some of them are from officials, and the physical descriptions
(03:18):
of the ship don't match up. Among these different accounts,
Bailey concludes that they really are all describing the same ship,
that they're not different ships that happened to be named
the Sea Flower, and that these inconsistencies in the description
are the result of inaccurate record keeping and just the
passage of time between when the ship arrived and when
(03:39):
John Cranston, who was the Governor of Rhode Island described
it in a report about the slave trade in the colony.
There have been a lot of recent headlines about this
find maybe solving the mystery of what happened to Henry
every And it definitely seems possible that these coins are
part of the plunder from the Guanji so why, But
if so, it's still doesn't really solve the mystery. Every
(04:02):
reported arrival in Ireland was after this. Yeah. Also, all
the additional detail about this paper came about because the
latest article to circulate about this was dated April one.
It's the only April unearthing that we have in this
episode that raised some questions in my minds about whether
(04:24):
it was legitimate. We talked about the ancient Greek astronomical
calculator that I adore, known as the anti kid through
mechanism on the show in July, and it and the
shipwreck it was found in have come up on on
Earth since then. That device was discovered in nineteen o one,
and researchers have figured out a lot about it since then,
(04:46):
including developing working replicas hand cranked devices that demonstrate the
motion of planetary bodies, but researchers only have about a
third of the actual mechanism to go on, so even
these replicas have had to incorporate some guesswork. You can
turn a crank and the hands on the face move
to show positions for the Sun, the Moon, and five
(05:09):
planets that were known to antiquity. So in that sense
these replicas work, but the motion and the positions of
the hands that hasn't completely matched up with all the
data that can be gleaned from the surviving pieces of
the device. According to research published in the journal Scientific
Reports in March, researchers have closed some of that gap
(05:30):
between a working device and a working device that matches
all the data. In the words of lead author Professor
Tony Freeth, quote, ours is the first model that conforms
to all the physical evidence and matches the descriptions in
the scientific inscriptions engraved on the mechanism itself. The Sun, Moon,
and planets are displayed in an impressive tour to force
(05:52):
of ancient Greek brilliance, and to quote from the actual paper, quote,
we wanted to determine the cycles for all the planets
in this cosmos, not just the cycles discovered for Venus
and Saturn. To incorporate these cycles into highly compact mechanisms
conforming to the physical evidence, and to enter leave them
so their outputs corresponds to the customary cosmological order or CCO.
(06:17):
Here we show how we have created gearing and a
display that respects the inscriptional evidence. A ring system with
nine outputs moon nodes, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
and date carried by nested tubes with arms supporting the rings.
The result is a radical new model that matches all
(06:39):
the data and culminates in an elegant display of the
ancient Greek cosmos. Sounds so poetic for a paper well written.
Bravo um Switching gears. Attorney David Whitcomb bought an old
building in Geneva, New York, to expand his law practice.
It discovered an addict s base totally by surprise. From
(07:01):
the outside, the building didn't look like it had an attic,
and there hadn't been an attic noted on the floor
plans or known to the previous owner, dun dune done.
When he got inside that space, it turned out to
contain dropcloths, portrait stools, Kodak paper, developing chemicals and portraits
and some of the portraits include people that we have
(07:22):
talked about in several prior episodes of the show. One
is a framed portrait of Susan B. Anthony, another maybe
Elizabeth Katie Stanton. It turned out that this building had
previously housed the studio of photographer James ellery Hale, and
it makes a lot of sense that there would be
pictures of Anthony and Stanton in that studio. Geneva is
(07:44):
really not far from Seneca Falls, New York. We actually
stayed in Geneva for one of the live shows that
we did in Seneca Falls. Uh, and that of course
is home to the Seneca Falls Convention. Susan B. Anthony
also lived in Rochester, which is also not that far
away from Geneva. What isn't clear is why this space
got sealed up with all kinds of portraits and equipment
(08:05):
still inside of it. According to news reports, Whitcomb plans
to donate some of the fines while auctioning others off
next up. According to research published in the journal Antiquity,
it's possible that some of the bluestones at Stonehenge were
relocated from a different stone circle that had been dismantled
that other stone circle being in Whales. The bluestones are
(08:28):
the smaller stones at Stonehenge, and it was already known
that they had come from Whales, but it was not
clear why they had been moved roughly a hundred and
fifty miles away from where they were quarried to build
this stone circle. This paper's hypothesis is that Stonehenges bluestones
used to form a stone circle at Wine Mound, where
(08:49):
there are only four blue stones remaining today. Both the
former Wine Mound circle and Stonehenge are aligned on the
Midsummer solstice sunrise, and one of the stones at Stonehenge
has an unusual shape that matches one of the holes
where a stone used to be at Wine Mound. There
are still some unknowns here if the stones really did
used to be in this other circle, but one possibility
(09:13):
is that the people who built the circle at Wine
Mound or their descendants eventually relocated to the area around
Stonehenge and they dismantled their stone circle and they brought
it with them. We did a whole unearthed edition of
Stonehenge on show in fourteen so in previous installments of
Unearthed and in prior episodes of the show that have
(09:34):
involved colors and dies. We have talked about blue and
purple dyes made from marine animals from the Mediterranean Sea.
There are written descriptions of the dyes themselves and have
dyed textiles, and we've talked about various fines related to
die making, like pots containing residues of blue or purple dye,
or places where an abundance of snail shells suggests that
(09:57):
there was a dye factory there. Now a team in
the Timna Valley has found wolf fibers dating back to
one thousand b C. Which have been dyed tier in purple,
so one of these dyes that we've been talking about.
This is the first time that a textile died with
this specific color has been found in the Southern Levant,
(10:19):
and it dates back to the same time as biblical
accounts of this die. We have talked about new find
to the Sakara Necropolis in Egypt in our two previous
installments of Unearthed, and those fines still ongoing. Recent finds
include fifty New Kingdom sarcophagi made of wood found in
a burial shaft, a stone sarcophagus, a papyrus containing the
(10:41):
seventeenth chapter of the Book of the Dead, and some games,
including a Senate set. So it's the last of this
update section. We do have some other things that will
come up later that relate to earlier episodes, but we
have them in other categories, and for now we're going
to take a quick sponsor break. When I was going
(11:08):
through all kinds of articles to put this together, I
found a whole lot of depictions of animals. I have
grouped them together as cute animal pictures because it feels
like after a time of pandemic for a year, we
could all use more cute animal pictures in our lives.
First up, archaeologists in Indonesia have found what they have
(11:32):
described as the world's oldest known cave painting of an animal.
It is a pig and it is about forty five thousand,
five hundred years old. A doctoral student named Bostar and
Burhun actually found this painting back in but the findings
from the survey were not published until this year in
(11:52):
the journal Scientific Advances. The Sulawesi warty pig is a
popular subject for cave art in this region. Before this
particular discovery, the oldest dated rock art there was a
different Suluisi wardy pig, and the paper detailing this particular
find also goes into another Suluesi wardy pig depicted in
the same area. I have thoughts about the pig. Are
(12:16):
you going to save them from behind the scene? Okay?
Next up, a team in Catalonia has found a stone
plaque carved with images of at least six animals. There's
a doe, a stag, to goat like animals, and two
other animals that were not yet identified as of when
this article came out. This slab is between eleven thousand
(12:39):
and fifteen thousand years old, and the team found it
after flood's actually damaged an archaeological site. It eroded some
of the layers the soil layers at the dig. Unfortunately, though,
that flood damage also makes it harder to date the plaque,
because without the strata around it to use as a reference,
it's exact age is a little unclear. A pair of
(13:02):
Tang dynasty tombs have been discovered in Shangshi Province in China,
and they are decorated with murals, including some that show
people training horses and leading camels. The tombs belonged to
an official who was in charge of horses, so it's
possible that the murals are in fact related to his
life in some way. Next up, researchers have used radio
(13:23):
carbon dating on twenty seven mud wasp nests to figure
out that are rock painting of a kangaroo in Western
Australia is the oldest intact rock painting uh known so
far on the continent. The wasp nests were both under
and on top of this and similar paintings, and based
on all this research they determined that this painting is
(13:43):
somewhere between seventeen thousand, one hundred and seventeen thousand, five
hundred years old. This work dating this particular painting is
part of a much bigger project to date rock paintings
in Australia, and it's a team effort among universities, the
Australian National Science and Technology Organization, and aboriginal organizations. Next up,
(14:05):
a two five hundred year old bronze bull idle was
unearthed in Olympia, Greece after a heavy rain storm thanks
to an archaeologist noticing one of its horns sticking out
of the soil. It most likely dates back to roughly
UH one thousand fifty to seven d b c E,
and it was probably left as an offering to Zeus.
(14:27):
This figurine is quite small. There are pictures of someone
holding it in their fingertips while cleaning it, and it
has slightly splayed legs. So even though it depicts a
bowl with fully developed horns, it looks kind of like
a calf that's still a little unsteady on its hoobs. Yeah,
it's uh, it's more adorable than you might think. It's
(14:48):
one of those things that when I looked at the picture,
I was like, he just noticed this sticking out of
the story because it's tiny. It's really small. It's like going, oh,
I did see a grain of rice in that field
back there, Like it's it's so little. So moving on
from depictions of animals to actual animals, research at Durham
University suggests that people making their way from Asia to
(15:11):
the America's roughly fifteen thousand years ago, brought domesticated dogs
with them. We already knew that domesticated dogs were present
in parts of northern North America and some Pacific islands
at least ten thousand years ago, but this genetic research
gives them a common origin somewhere in Siberia more like
twenty three thousand years ago. Similar research involving a bone
(15:35):
fragment found in southeast Alaska suggested it belonged to a
dog that lived there around ten thousand, one hundred fifty
years ago, but whose ancestry also stretched back to Siberia,
to a genetic line that branched off from Siberian dogs
roughly sixteen thousand, seven hundred years ago. This particular team
did not set out to study dogs, though, before analyzing
(15:57):
the DNA of the bone fragment, the team at xt
He thought it belonged to a bear. Next up, back
in ten a couple living outside of Provo, Utah, found
a nearly complete horse skeleton in their backyard. These bones
were nicknamed the Lehigh Horse, and at first it seemed
like they were about ten thousand years old, but subsequent
(16:19):
radiocarbon dating suggests it's actually a much younger find That
radiocarbon dating combined with other analysis to suggest that this
was really a female horse who was about twelve years
old when she died, and that happened sometime in the
seventeenth century, so not nearly ten thousand years Not my
(16:39):
long shot. Based on analysis of the bones, this was
a domesticated horse that people rode, which had arthritis and
many of her joints by the time of her death,
so it seems likely that someone intentionally cared for her,
possibly breeding her with other horses when she couldn't carry
riders any longer, and then after her death she seems
to have been intensely buried in sand at the edge
(17:02):
of a lake, which is why at first it had
seemed like this was a much older skeleton than it
really turned out to be. The papers lead author William
Taylor even speculated that there might be other remains of
horses that were similarly intentionally buried, and because of that
have been miscategorized as ice age finds rather than things
(17:22):
that are a lot more recent. The team is hoping
these findings will combine with indigenous oral history to shed
new light into how indigenous peoples in the area cared
for their horses. In the words of co author Carlton Shield,
chief gover quote, there was a lot going on that
Europeans didn't see. There was a two hundred year period
where populations in the Great Plains and the West were
(17:44):
adapting their cultures to the horse and our last cute animal.
Burrowing rabbits on Schockholm Island in Wales have unearthed some
prehistoric artifacts while digging their little burrows. One is a
small tool known as a beveled peb which is about
nine thousand years old and was probably used for processing
things like shellfish and seal hides, and the other is
(18:06):
a burial urn that's about three thousand, seven hundred fifty
years old. When wardens stopped by the area after making
these discoveries, they came back the next day they saw
that the rabbits had kicked out some other stuff, including
another pebble and a piece of pottery. I feel like
these rabbits should get paid. Uh. There were travel restrictions
in place, of course, due to COVID when these fine surfaced,
(18:29):
But once those restrictions are lifted, it is expected that
archaeologists will come in and look at all of this
more thoroughly. We'll get to some other things after a
quick ad break. Often in these episodes, I have a
section that I call edibles and potables, and it's all
(18:51):
the food and drink. But this time there were several
fines that were specifically about intoxicating substances, whether alcohols or
like other mind and mood altering substances, So I just
looped those all together. Previously, historians of Edo Japan have
generally concluded that during the Edo period, wine was only
(19:15):
produced for about four years, and the reason that wine
production was ended was that wine was closely associated with
Christianity and Christianity was prohibited in Japan during the Edo period. Now,
researchers from Kumamoda University have found an Edo period document
that adds a little more specificity to this general understanding.
(19:37):
It's an order for wine placed in September sixty two
with notes about the order written on it. One of
the notes being that the wild grapes to the wine
had been provided to the vessel who was going to
make it. This actually pushes out the date for the
end of wine making in Japan to sixteen thirty two
from previously understood sixteen thirty one. The Hossakawa clan was
(20:02):
also ordered to move to another domain in January of
the following year. Was that clan that had been making
the wine, and there's no evidence at all of any
winemaking in the new location after they moved. Moving on
Researchers at Washington State University have analyzed fourteen miniature ancient
Maya flasks, and when we say miniature, they measure about
(20:25):
four centimeters across. For the first time, they found residues
from something other than tobacco. In addition to two different
types of tobacco, these small containers also held Mexican marigold,
something that may have been added to make the experience
of smoking the tobacco more pleasant. And on the other
end of the size spectrum, archaeologists in Egypt found eight
(20:50):
very large units at an ancient burial ground known as
a Beatos, and when we say very large, they were
about twenty meters or sixty five ft long and two
and a half meters or eight feed y. Each of
these units contained two rows of pottery basins with forty
basins in each row and that would have been used
to heat up water and grains to make beer. These
(21:13):
date back to some time between thirty one fifty b
c and C. And this may be the oldest beer
factory in the area. So now we're going to move
on to food research at bronze age mining sites in
the Eastern Alps in Austria has examined how workers at
the mines procured and prepared their food. From about the
(21:36):
eleventh to the ninth century b C. Mining at these
sites became highly specialized, meaning that the people at the
mines were probably focused on the mining and not doing
other work, and there weren't many people living in the
mines who would not have been mining. Earlier research has
suggested that the miners preferred meat to eat was pork,
(21:56):
and while the pigs were raised somewhere else. The mines
had facilities on site to cure the meat that they got,
but there wasn't as much investigation into any plant based
foods that they might be eating until more recently. According
to research that was published in March, the miners were
eating cereals, but they were not processing the cereals themselves,
(22:17):
so the grains were being holed and milled somewhere else,
and then the ready to cook grain was being delivered
to the miners. It's also possible that they were being
delivered ready to eat bread as well, which I am
definitely on board with, so that means at least some
of their cooking was also being done elsewhere. I would
like bread delivery in our next subject, According to research
(22:41):
published in the journal Antiquity, there's evidence of prehistoric salt
production in northeast England dating back to hundred to thirty
seven b C. Prior to this discovery, the earliest conclusively
known salt processing in England was from centuries after that.
This conclusion came from the discovery of a chamber filled
(23:01):
with flint tools and pieces of pottery, along with what
appears to be hearts that were used to heat vessels
containing brine. This may be one of the oldest salt
processing sites in Western Europe and another Salt News. Researchers
at collect Mule, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site,
have been documenting the use of salt as a commodity
(23:23):
among the Maya. The oldest depiction of salt there is
from a mural that somewhere around years old. It shows
a vendor holding what looks like a salt cake wrapped
in leaves, while someone across from them holds a spoon
above a basket of what's interpreted as like a granular salt.
Archaeologists have also unearthed what has been dubbed the Pains
(23:47):
Creek Salt Works, which is a massive salt processing facility
on the coast of what's now believes, in the words
of archaeologist Heather McKillop quote, I think the ancient Maya
who worked here were producer enders, and they would take
the salt by canoe up the river. They were making
large quantities of salt, much more than they needed for
their immediate families. This was their living. Her paper salt
(24:11):
as a commodity or money in the Classic Maya Economy
is being published in the June issue of the Journal
of Anthropological Archaeology. Now we are going to move on
to an ongoing favorite, which is the shipwrecks. First up,
the Greek Culture Ministry has announced the discovery of a
Roman era shipwreck, along with evidence of several other shipwrecks,
(24:33):
off the coast of the island of Kasos. The Roman
ship was loaded with m for ay, and those were
made in what's now Spain and Tunisia, and some of
them contained oil. The other three ancient ships discovered in
the survey, we're also carrying amphora, a popular thing to
carry across the waterways around Greece. These discoveries came from
(24:55):
more than one hundred group dives carried out by a
team of more than twenty special lists and it's part
of a three year research project in the area that
is finishing this year, so there could be more to
come from all of this. Divers have also returned to
the wreck of the Mentor, which is the ship that
sank off the coast of Greece while carrying marbles that
Lord Elgin had removed from the Parthenon. We have a
(25:18):
whole episode about those marbles and how they went down
in a shipwreck. Dives to this ship have been ongoing
since two thousand nine, and the most recent finds they're
connected to basically everyday life aboard the ship. So the
team recovered and intact shoe sole, items of clothing, of
belt buckle, and several pieces of the ship's rigging. They
(25:39):
also found some chess pieces which are probably part of
the same set as some other chess pieces that have
already been brought up and in our last find for
this episode. It's a little bit tricky to call this
a discovery, since the folks who had it knew it
was there the whole time. But archaeologists have recently become
aware of a one a thirty six year old wooden
(26:01):
lifeboat that was being stored in the rafters of a
Haitian in Western Australia. This lifeboat belonged to the Maid
of Lincoln, which sank in while carrying a load of guano.
The captain, several members of the crew, and a stowaway
we're all able to escape the wreck in the lifeboat.
(26:21):
The captain then gave the boat to the Grigson family,
who helped them when they got to shore. For a
time this family used the boat for fishing, but eventually
they put it up in the rafters of the Haitian,
basically to get it out of the way. They weren't
using it anymore. Stick it up in the rafters. Decades later,
archaeologist Bob Shephard was shown around this property when one
(26:42):
of the Grigson said, come have a look at this, Bob,
who love that. For now this lifeboat is being safely
stored so that it can be restored and preserved and
then house somewhere in the community. The family was pretty
clear that they wanted it to stay in the general area.
So that is it for Unearth this time, but there's
plenty more to come next time. We'll have more on
(27:05):
Wednesday in the meantime, Tracy, do you have a spot
of listener mail? I do. This is from Robin, and
Robin says, Hello, Holly and Tracy. I want to start
off by saying that I love listening to stuff you
miss in history class and the personal touches you both
bring to the stories you tell. I've been wanting to
email you about a subject that's close to my heart,
especially when I heard you mentioned Ella Reef Bloor also
(27:26):
known as Mother Bloor in your Italian Hall disaster episode
and her involvement in the labor movement. With this very
brief mention, I saw my opening to right. But then
I get it, and nobody's gonna fault you here, that's
for sure. On Monday, when I saw that your episode
was about Esperanto, I knew it was a sign that
(27:49):
I had to write. You may be asking what Esperanto
and Mother Bloor have in common. While that would be Arden, Delaware.
Mother Bloor lived in Arden, Delaware, which is locate did
in northern Delaware, less than an hour away from Philadelphia.
Arden is one of four remaining single tax communities in
the US. The other three are Ardentown, Arden Croft, and
(28:11):
fair Hope, Alabama. Both Ardentown and arden Croft, along with Arden,
makeup the Ardens in northern Delaware. These single tax communities
are based on the Henry George principle of tax land
not labor or single tax. Mother Blor lived in Arden
almost from the very beginning of its founding in nineteen hundred.
Was founded in nineteen hundred by Philadelphia artist Frank Stevens.
(28:34):
Arden was originally a summer artists colony for local artists
to live in community to inspire each other, sell their wares,
and get out of the city for the summer, which
was marked by an end of season fair slash market.
This fair slash market is still held today on the
Saturday of Labor Day weekend. Within a few years, many
of the summertime residents turned into year long residents, including
(28:56):
Mother Bloor and her family. Her son Hamilton's d Book
is Where was one of the well known artists to
come out of Warden with his warehouse gallery located in Ardenttown.
One of the founding tenants of Arden was equality. All
were welcome, no matter race a religion. Part of this
equality was the use of Esperanto as a common language.
(29:18):
In fact, the founder, Frank Stevens was often called Patro,
which is father in Esperanto. Today, Esperanto is not often spoken,
but it is a big part of the founding of
the village of Arden. Today, the Ardens are still part
of the Single Tax movement and many artists and artisans
still call this place home. Pottery, painting, jewelry, and sculpture
are just some of the crafts still practiced here today.
(29:39):
We even still hold an annual end of summer fair
to sell local artisans wears on Labor Day weekend when
not in a pandemic UH. Robin then has some suggestions
for episode topics that are connected to all of this
UH and says thanks, Robin, thank you so much Robin
for this email. I I had no idea of any
(30:02):
of the not uh, not this whole connection UM to
Arden and UH and the other Ardens, or the Single
Tax movement, any of that, So thank you so much
for sending us an email full of so much interesting information. UM.
We'll see, We'll see whether any of these suggestions eventually
become episodes. We love getting suggestions. The list is just
(30:24):
really long, so it can be really hard to predict
when something might make an appearance on the show. Um So,
if you would like to write to us about this
or any other podcast, where History podcast at I heart
radio dot com and we're all over social media admiss
in History. That's where we'll find our Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter,
and Instagram. And you can subscribe to our show at
Apple podcasts and I heart radio app and wherever you
(30:47):
get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is
a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from
I heart Radio, visit the her radio app, Apple podcasts,
or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. H
Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production
of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
I'm Tracy Vie Wilson and I'm Holly fry Kid. Is
time We're unearthed. If you're new to this show, this
(00:22):
is the time when we talk about things that have
been literally or figuratively unearthed over the last few months.
Back when the pandemic started, I really wasn't sure how
it was going to affect these episodes because a lot
of the things that we talked about come from archaeological
digs and on site work at historical sites and museums,
and a lot of that and a lot of the
(00:42):
world has either been suspended or cut way back for
at least part of the last year, but there's still
been plenty of stuff to talk about, enough stuff in
the first three months of this year that we have
two parts to this episode. Today we will have the
updates two previous episodes of the show. We will have
(01:03):
cute animals and their pictures um which I was kind
of delighted by finding enough stuff to categorize that way,
also edibles and potables and shipwrecks, and the next time
we will have the exhumations and the books and letters
and some other favorites. In part two in May ofen,
we talked about pirate Henry every who ambush of the
(01:27):
Mughal ship Ganji So Why caused an international incident and
led to a worldwide man hunt. Every was last seen
in Ireland in sixteen six but then he vanished. So
for the first of these updates, and a metal detectorist
found a coin with Arabic writing at Sweetberry Farm in
(01:47):
Rhode Island. It has since been confirmed that this coin
was minted in Yemen in sixte and there aren't really
any records of contact between the Arabian peninsula and this
part of New England quite that early, so one conclusion
is that this coin belonged to the escaped pirate or
one of his crew, and that it was part of
(02:09):
the plunder from the Ganji Suai. Since that discovery, fifteen
similar coins have been found across Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut.
There was also one found in North Carolina, where some
of Every's men are documented as arriving. Jim Bailey, who
unearthed that coin at the Berry Farm, published his research
into all of this in the American Numismatic Society's Colonial newsletter,
(02:33):
which is now known as the Journal of Early American Numismatics.
In Seen, Bailey suggests that every and some of his
crew left the Bahamas aboard the Sea Flower, which arrived
in Newport, Rhode Island, on May six six. The Sea
Flower was carrying forty seven enslaved Africans and is often
described as the first slave ship to arrive in Newport,
(02:56):
which later became one of North America's primary slave trading ports.
The crew of the Sea Flower sold fourteen of the
enslaved people aboard before departing for Ireland, arriving there in
late June. So there are historical accounts of the Sea Flower.
Some of them are from members of every pirate crew,
some of them are from officials, and the physical descriptions
(03:18):
of the ship don't match up. Among these different accounts,
Bailey concludes that they really are all describing the same ship,
that they're not different ships that happened to be named
the Sea Flower, and that these inconsistencies in the description
are the result of inaccurate record keeping and just the
passage of time between when the ship arrived and when
(03:39):
John Cranston, who was the Governor of Rhode Island described
it in a report about the slave trade in the colony.
There have been a lot of recent headlines about this
find maybe solving the mystery of what happened to Henry
every And it definitely seems possible that these coins are
part of the plunder from the Guanji so why, But
if so, it's still doesn't really solve the mystery. Every
(04:02):
reported arrival in Ireland was after this. Yeah. Also, all
the additional detail about this paper came about because the
latest article to circulate about this was dated April one.
It's the only April unearthing that we have in this
episode that raised some questions in my minds about whether
(04:24):
it was legitimate. We talked about the ancient Greek astronomical
calculator that I adore, known as the anti kid through
mechanism on the show in July, and it and the
shipwreck it was found in have come up on on
Earth since then. That device was discovered in nineteen o one,
and researchers have figured out a lot about it since then,
(04:46):
including developing working replicas hand cranked devices that demonstrate the
motion of planetary bodies, but researchers only have about a
third of the actual mechanism to go on, so even
these replicas have had to incorporate some guesswork. You can
turn a crank and the hands on the face move
to show positions for the Sun, the Moon, and five
(05:09):
planets that were known to antiquity. So in that sense
these replicas work, but the motion and the positions of
the hands that hasn't completely matched up with all the
data that can be gleaned from the surviving pieces of
the device. According to research published in the journal Scientific
Reports in March, researchers have closed some of that gap
(05:30):
between a working device and a working device that matches
all the data. In the words of lead author Professor
Tony Freeth, quote, ours is the first model that conforms
to all the physical evidence and matches the descriptions in
the scientific inscriptions engraved on the mechanism itself. The Sun, Moon,
and planets are displayed in an impressive tour to force
(05:52):
of ancient Greek brilliance, and to quote from the actual paper, quote,
we wanted to determine the cycles for all the planets
in this cosmos, not just the cycles discovered for Venus
and Saturn. To incorporate these cycles into highly compact mechanisms
conforming to the physical evidence, and to enter leave them
so their outputs corresponds to the customary cosmological order or CCO.
(06:17):
Here we show how we have created gearing and a
display that respects the inscriptional evidence. A ring system with
nine outputs moon nodes, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
and date carried by nested tubes with arms supporting the rings.
The result is a radical new model that matches all
(06:39):
the data and culminates in an elegant display of the
ancient Greek cosmos. Sounds so poetic for a paper well written.
Bravo um Switching gears. Attorney David Whitcomb bought an old
building in Geneva, New York, to expand his law practice.
It discovered an addict s base totally by surprise. From
(07:01):
the outside, the building didn't look like it had an attic,
and there hadn't been an attic noted on the floor
plans or known to the previous owner, dun dune done.
When he got inside that space, it turned out to
contain dropcloths, portrait stools, Kodak paper, developing chemicals and portraits
and some of the portraits include people that we have
(07:22):
talked about in several prior episodes of the show. One
is a framed portrait of Susan B. Anthony, another maybe
Elizabeth Katie Stanton. It turned out that this building had
previously housed the studio of photographer James ellery Hale, and
it makes a lot of sense that there would be
pictures of Anthony and Stanton in that studio. Geneva is
(07:44):
really not far from Seneca Falls, New York. We actually
stayed in Geneva for one of the live shows that
we did in Seneca Falls. Uh, and that of course
is home to the Seneca Falls Convention. Susan B. Anthony
also lived in Rochester, which is also not that far
away from Geneva. What isn't clear is why this space
got sealed up with all kinds of portraits and equipment
(08:05):
still inside of it. According to news reports, Whitcomb plans
to donate some of the fines while auctioning others off
next up. According to research published in the journal Antiquity,
it's possible that some of the bluestones at Stonehenge were
relocated from a different stone circle that had been dismantled
that other stone circle being in Whales. The bluestones are
(08:28):
the smaller stones at Stonehenge, and it was already known
that they had come from Whales, but it was not
clear why they had been moved roughly a hundred and
fifty miles away from where they were quarried to build
this stone circle. This paper's hypothesis is that Stonehenges bluestones
used to form a stone circle at Wine Mound, where
(08:49):
there are only four blue stones remaining today. Both the
former Wine Mound circle and Stonehenge are aligned on the
Midsummer solstice sunrise, and one of the stones at Stonehenge
has an unusual shape that matches one of the holes
where a stone used to be at Wine Mound. There
are still some unknowns here if the stones really did
used to be in this other circle, but one possibility
(09:13):
is that the people who built the circle at Wine
Mound or their descendants eventually relocated to the area around
Stonehenge and they dismantled their stone circle and they brought
it with them. We did a whole unearthed edition of
Stonehenge on show in fourteen so in previous installments of
Unearthed and in prior episodes of the show that have
(09:34):
involved colors and dies. We have talked about blue and
purple dyes made from marine animals from the Mediterranean Sea.
There are written descriptions of the dyes themselves and have
dyed textiles, and we've talked about various fines related to
die making, like pots containing residues of blue or purple dye,
or places where an abundance of snail shells suggests that
(09:57):
there was a dye factory there. Now a team in
the Timna Valley has found wolf fibers dating back to
one thousand b C. Which have been dyed tier in purple,
so one of these dyes that we've been talking about.
This is the first time that a textile died with
this specific color has been found in the Southern Levant,
(10:19):
and it dates back to the same time as biblical
accounts of this die. We have talked about new find
to the Sakara Necropolis in Egypt in our two previous
installments of Unearthed, and those fines still ongoing. Recent finds
include fifty New Kingdom sarcophagi made of wood found in
a burial shaft, a stone sarcophagus, a papyrus containing the
(10:41):
seventeenth chapter of the Book of the Dead, and some games,
including a Senate set. So it's the last of this
update section. We do have some other things that will
come up later that relate to earlier episodes, but we
have them in other categories, and for now we're going
to take a quick sponsor break. When I was going
(11:08):
through all kinds of articles to put this together, I
found a whole lot of depictions of animals. I have
grouped them together as cute animal pictures because it feels
like after a time of pandemic for a year, we
could all use more cute animal pictures in our lives.
First up, archaeologists in Indonesia have found what they have
(11:32):
described as the world's oldest known cave painting of an animal.
It is a pig and it is about forty five thousand,
five hundred years old. A doctoral student named Bostar and
Burhun actually found this painting back in but the findings
from the survey were not published until this year in
(11:52):
the journal Scientific Advances. The Sulawesi warty pig is a
popular subject for cave art in this region. Before this
particular discovery, the oldest dated rock art there was a
different Suluisi wardy pig, and the paper detailing this particular
find also goes into another Suluesi wardy pig depicted in
the same area. I have thoughts about the pig. Are
(12:16):
you going to save them from behind the scene? Okay?
Next up, a team in Catalonia has found a stone
plaque carved with images of at least six animals. There's
a doe, a stag, to goat like animals, and two
other animals that were not yet identified as of when
this article came out. This slab is between eleven thousand
(12:39):
and fifteen thousand years old, and the team found it
after flood's actually damaged an archaeological site. It eroded some
of the layers the soil layers at the dig. Unfortunately, though,
that flood damage also makes it harder to date the plaque,
because without the strata around it to use as a reference,
it's exact age is a little unclear. A pair of
(13:02):
Tang dynasty tombs have been discovered in Shangshi Province in China,
and they are decorated with murals, including some that show
people training horses and leading camels. The tombs belonged to
an official who was in charge of horses, so it's
possible that the murals are in fact related to his
life in some way. Next up, researchers have used radio
(13:23):
carbon dating on twenty seven mud wasp nests to figure
out that are rock painting of a kangaroo in Western
Australia is the oldest intact rock painting uh known so
far on the continent. The wasp nests were both under
and on top of this and similar paintings, and based
on all this research they determined that this painting is
(13:43):
somewhere between seventeen thousand, one hundred and seventeen thousand, five
hundred years old. This work dating this particular painting is
part of a much bigger project to date rock paintings
in Australia, and it's a team effort among universities, the
Australian National Science and Technology Organization, and aboriginal organizations. Next up,
(14:05):
a two five hundred year old bronze bull idle was
unearthed in Olympia, Greece after a heavy rain storm thanks
to an archaeologist noticing one of its horns sticking out
of the soil. It most likely dates back to roughly
UH one thousand fifty to seven d b c E,
and it was probably left as an offering to Zeus.
(14:27):
This figurine is quite small. There are pictures of someone
holding it in their fingertips while cleaning it, and it
has slightly splayed legs. So even though it depicts a
bowl with fully developed horns, it looks kind of like
a calf that's still a little unsteady on its hoobs. Yeah,
it's uh, it's more adorable than you might think. It's
(14:48):
one of those things that when I looked at the picture,
I was like, he just noticed this sticking out of
the story because it's tiny. It's really small. It's like going, oh,
I did see a grain of rice in that field
back there, Like it's it's so little. So moving on
from depictions of animals to actual animals, research at Durham
University suggests that people making their way from Asia to
(15:11):
the America's roughly fifteen thousand years ago, brought domesticated dogs
with them. We already knew that domesticated dogs were present
in parts of northern North America and some Pacific islands
at least ten thousand years ago, but this genetic research
gives them a common origin somewhere in Siberia more like
twenty three thousand years ago. Similar research involving a bone
(15:35):
fragment found in southeast Alaska suggested it belonged to a
dog that lived there around ten thousand, one hundred fifty
years ago, but whose ancestry also stretched back to Siberia,
to a genetic line that branched off from Siberian dogs
roughly sixteen thousand, seven hundred years ago. This particular team
did not set out to study dogs, though, before analyzing
(15:57):
the DNA of the bone fragment, the team at xt
He thought it belonged to a bear. Next up, back
in ten a couple living outside of Provo, Utah, found
a nearly complete horse skeleton in their backyard. These bones
were nicknamed the Lehigh Horse, and at first it seemed
like they were about ten thousand years old, but subsequent
(16:19):
radiocarbon dating suggests it's actually a much younger find That
radiocarbon dating combined with other analysis to suggest that this
was really a female horse who was about twelve years
old when she died, and that happened sometime in the
seventeenth century, so not nearly ten thousand years Not my
(16:39):
long shot. Based on analysis of the bones, this was
a domesticated horse that people rode, which had arthritis and
many of her joints by the time of her death,
so it seems likely that someone intentionally cared for her,
possibly breeding her with other horses when she couldn't carry
riders any longer, and then after her death she seems
to have been intensely buried in sand at the edge
(17:02):
of a lake, which is why at first it had
seemed like this was a much older skeleton than it
really turned out to be. The papers lead author William
Taylor even speculated that there might be other remains of
horses that were similarly intentionally buried, and because of that
have been miscategorized as ice age finds rather than things
(17:22):
that are a lot more recent. The team is hoping
these findings will combine with indigenous oral history to shed
new light into how indigenous peoples in the area cared
for their horses. In the words of co author Carlton Shield,
chief gover quote, there was a lot going on that
Europeans didn't see. There was a two hundred year period
where populations in the Great Plains and the West were
(17:44):
adapting their cultures to the horse and our last cute animal.
Burrowing rabbits on Schockholm Island in Wales have unearthed some
prehistoric artifacts while digging their little burrows. One is a
small tool known as a beveled peb which is about
nine thousand years old and was probably used for processing
things like shellfish and seal hides, and the other is
(18:06):
a burial urn that's about three thousand, seven hundred fifty
years old. When wardens stopped by the area after making
these discoveries, they came back the next day they saw
that the rabbits had kicked out some other stuff, including
another pebble and a piece of pottery. I feel like
these rabbits should get paid. Uh. There were travel restrictions
in place, of course, due to COVID when these fine surfaced,
(18:29):
But once those restrictions are lifted, it is expected that
archaeologists will come in and look at all of this
more thoroughly. We'll get to some other things after a
quick ad break. Often in these episodes, I have a
section that I call edibles and potables, and it's all
(18:51):
the food and drink. But this time there were several
fines that were specifically about intoxicating substances, whether alcohols or
like other mind and mood altering substances, So I just
looped those all together. Previously, historians of Edo Japan have
generally concluded that during the Edo period, wine was only
(19:15):
produced for about four years, and the reason that wine
production was ended was that wine was closely associated with
Christianity and Christianity was prohibited in Japan during the Edo period. Now,
researchers from Kumamoda University have found an Edo period document
that adds a little more specificity to this general understanding.
(19:37):
It's an order for wine placed in September sixty two
with notes about the order written on it. One of
the notes being that the wild grapes to the wine
had been provided to the vessel who was going to
make it. This actually pushes out the date for the
end of wine making in Japan to sixteen thirty two
from previously understood sixteen thirty one. The Hossakawa clan was
(20:02):
also ordered to move to another domain in January of
the following year. Was that clan that had been making
the wine, and there's no evidence at all of any
winemaking in the new location after they moved. Moving on
Researchers at Washington State University have analyzed fourteen miniature ancient
Maya flasks, and when we say miniature, they measure about
(20:25):
four centimeters across. For the first time, they found residues
from something other than tobacco. In addition to two different
types of tobacco, these small containers also held Mexican marigold,
something that may have been added to make the experience
of smoking the tobacco more pleasant. And on the other
end of the size spectrum, archaeologists in Egypt found eight
(20:50):
very large units at an ancient burial ground known as
a Beatos, and when we say very large, they were
about twenty meters or sixty five ft long and two
and a half meters or eight feed y. Each of
these units contained two rows of pottery basins with forty
basins in each row and that would have been used
to heat up water and grains to make beer. These
(21:13):
date back to some time between thirty one fifty b
c and C. And this may be the oldest beer
factory in the area. So now we're going to move
on to food research at bronze age mining sites in
the Eastern Alps in Austria has examined how workers at
the mines procured and prepared their food. From about the
(21:36):
eleventh to the ninth century b C. Mining at these
sites became highly specialized, meaning that the people at the
mines were probably focused on the mining and not doing
other work, and there weren't many people living in the
mines who would not have been mining. Earlier research has
suggested that the miners preferred meat to eat was pork,
(21:56):
and while the pigs were raised somewhere else. The mines
had facilities on site to cure the meat that they got,
but there wasn't as much investigation into any plant based
foods that they might be eating until more recently. According
to research that was published in March, the miners were
eating cereals, but they were not processing the cereals themselves,
(22:17):
so the grains were being holed and milled somewhere else,
and then the ready to cook grain was being delivered
to the miners. It's also possible that they were being
delivered ready to eat bread as well, which I am
definitely on board with, so that means at least some
of their cooking was also being done elsewhere. I would
like bread delivery in our next subject, According to research
(22:41):
published in the journal Antiquity, there's evidence of prehistoric salt
production in northeast England dating back to hundred to thirty
seven b C. Prior to this discovery, the earliest conclusively
known salt processing in England was from centuries after that.
This conclusion came from the discovery of a chamber filled
(23:01):
with flint tools and pieces of pottery, along with what
appears to be hearts that were used to heat vessels
containing brine. This may be one of the oldest salt
processing sites in Western Europe and another Salt News. Researchers
at collect Mule, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site,
have been documenting the use of salt as a commodity
(23:23):
among the Maya. The oldest depiction of salt there is
from a mural that somewhere around years old. It shows
a vendor holding what looks like a salt cake wrapped
in leaves, while someone across from them holds a spoon
above a basket of what's interpreted as like a granular salt.
Archaeologists have also unearthed what has been dubbed the Pains
(23:47):
Creek Salt Works, which is a massive salt processing facility
on the coast of what's now believes, in the words
of archaeologist Heather McKillop quote, I think the ancient Maya
who worked here were producer enders, and they would take
the salt by canoe up the river. They were making
large quantities of salt, much more than they needed for
their immediate families. This was their living. Her paper salt
(24:11):
as a commodity or money in the Classic Maya Economy
is being published in the June issue of the Journal
of Anthropological Archaeology. Now we are going to move on
to an ongoing favorite, which is the shipwrecks. First up,
the Greek Culture Ministry has announced the discovery of a
Roman era shipwreck, along with evidence of several other shipwrecks,
(24:33):
off the coast of the island of Kasos. The Roman
ship was loaded with m for ay, and those were
made in what's now Spain and Tunisia, and some of
them contained oil. The other three ancient ships discovered in
the survey, we're also carrying amphora, a popular thing to
carry across the waterways around Greece. These discoveries came from
(24:55):
more than one hundred group dives carried out by a
team of more than twenty special lists and it's part
of a three year research project in the area that
is finishing this year, so there could be more to
come from all of this. Divers have also returned to
the wreck of the Mentor, which is the ship that
sank off the coast of Greece while carrying marbles that
Lord Elgin had removed from the Parthenon. We have a
(25:18):
whole episode about those marbles and how they went down
in a shipwreck. Dives to this ship have been ongoing
since two thousand nine, and the most recent finds they're
connected to basically everyday life aboard the ship. So the
team recovered and intact shoe sole, items of clothing, of
belt buckle, and several pieces of the ship's rigging. They
(25:39):
also found some chess pieces which are probably part of
the same set as some other chess pieces that have
already been brought up and in our last find for
this episode. It's a little bit tricky to call this
a discovery, since the folks who had it knew it
was there the whole time. But archaeologists have recently become
aware of a one a thirty six year old wooden
(26:01):
lifeboat that was being stored in the rafters of a
Haitian in Western Australia. This lifeboat belonged to the Maid
of Lincoln, which sank in while carrying a load of guano.
The captain, several members of the crew, and a stowaway
we're all able to escape the wreck in the lifeboat.
(26:21):
The captain then gave the boat to the Grigson family,
who helped them when they got to shore. For a
time this family used the boat for fishing, but eventually
they put it up in the rafters of the Haitian,
basically to get it out of the way. They weren't
using it anymore. Stick it up in the rafters. Decades later,
archaeologist Bob Shephard was shown around this property when one
(26:42):
of the Grigson said, come have a look at this, Bob,
who love that. For now this lifeboat is being safely
stored so that it can be restored and preserved and
then house somewhere in the community. The family was pretty
clear that they wanted it to stay in the general area.
So that is it for Unearth this time, but there's
plenty more to come next time. We'll have more on
(27:05):
Wednesday in the meantime, Tracy, do you have a spot
of listener mail? I do. This is from Robin, and
Robin says, Hello, Holly and Tracy. I want to start
off by saying that I love listening to stuff you
miss in history class and the personal touches you both
bring to the stories you tell. I've been wanting to
email you about a subject that's close to my heart,
especially when I heard you mentioned Ella Reef Bloor also
(27:26):
known as Mother Bloor in your Italian Hall disaster episode
and her involvement in the labor movement. With this very
brief mention, I saw my opening to right. But then
I get it, and nobody's gonna fault you here, that's
for sure. On Monday, when I saw that your episode
was about Esperanto, I knew it was a sign that
(27:49):
I had to write. You may be asking what Esperanto
and Mother Bloor have in common. While that would be Arden, Delaware.
Mother Bloor lived in Arden, Delaware, which is locate did
in northern Delaware, less than an hour away from Philadelphia.
Arden is one of four remaining single tax communities in
the US. The other three are Ardentown, Arden Croft, and
(28:11):
fair Hope, Alabama. Both Ardentown and arden Croft, along with Arden,
makeup the Ardens in northern Delaware. These single tax communities
are based on the Henry George principle of tax land
not labor or single tax. Mother Blor lived in Arden
almost from the very beginning of its founding in nineteen hundred.
Was founded in nineteen hundred by Philadelphia artist Frank Stevens.
(28:34):
Arden was originally a summer artists colony for local artists
to live in community to inspire each other, sell their wares,
and get out of the city for the summer, which
was marked by an end of season fair slash market.
This fair slash market is still held today on the
Saturday of Labor Day weekend. Within a few years, many
of the summertime residents turned into year long residents, including
(28:56):
Mother Bloor and her family. Her son Hamilton's d Book
is Where was one of the well known artists to
come out of Warden with his warehouse gallery located in Ardenttown.
One of the founding tenants of Arden was equality. All
were welcome, no matter race a religion. Part of this
equality was the use of Esperanto as a common language.
(29:18):
In fact, the founder, Frank Stevens was often called Patro,
which is father in Esperanto. Today, Esperanto is not often spoken,
but it is a big part of the founding of
the village of Arden. Today, the Ardens are still part
of the Single Tax movement and many artists and artisans
still call this place home. Pottery, painting, jewelry, and sculpture
are just some of the crafts still practiced here today.
(29:39):
We even still hold an annual end of summer fair
to sell local artisans wears on Labor Day weekend when
not in a pandemic UH. Robin then has some suggestions
for episode topics that are connected to all of this
UH and says thanks, Robin, thank you so much Robin
for this email. I I had no idea of any
(30:02):
of the not uh, not this whole connection UM to
Arden and UH and the other Ardens, or the Single
Tax movement, any of that, So thank you so much
for sending us an email full of so much interesting information. UM.
We'll see, We'll see whether any of these suggestions eventually
become episodes. We love getting suggestions. The list is just
(30:24):
really long, so it can be really hard to predict
when something might make an appearance on the show. Um So,
if you would like to write to us about this
or any other podcast, where History podcast at I heart
radio dot com and we're all over social media admiss
in History. That's where we'll find our Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter,
and Instagram. And you can subscribe to our show at
Apple podcasts and I heart radio app and wherever you
(30:47):
get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is
a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from
I heart Radio, visit the her radio app, Apple podcasts,
or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. H
Stuff You Missed in History Class News
Hosts And Creators
Holly Frey
Tracy Wilson
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