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November 1, 2023 22 mins

In this episode, we answered listener questions. We talked about our amazing bodies and how they work. Our skin has three special layers, and the top one protects us. When we're sweaty, some things can stick to our skin because of the sticky sweat. We also learned that inside our bones, there's a special place that makes blood cells. These cells do important jobs like carrying air and fighting germs. And we learned that we are still trying to discover how the very first life started on Earth. Have you ever wondered why we get a brain freeze? We have the answer!

Sleep Tight!, Sheryl & Clark

❤️👂🔬

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About Sleep Tight Science

Sleep Tight Science is an engaging (but not too engaging) bedtime show for the whole family that answers the questions kids have about science. Each episode explores a fascinating topic in science and technology, from the mysteries of outer space to the wonders of the human body. Sleep Tight Science is the perfect bedtime companion for curious minds of all ages. Have an interesting science topic you would like featured? Send us an email at hello@sleeptightscience.com and we may feature it in an upcoming show.

See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

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Transcript

Episode Transcript

Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:00):
You're listening to sleep Tight Science. Did you know that
not everyone is ticklish and those who are may not

(00:21):
be ticklish in the same way. What It turns out
that our sensitivity to tickling varies from person to person,
and it's actually a defense mechanism. Ticklish areas like the
armpits and sides are some of the most vulnerable spots
on our bodies, So being ticklish there might be a

(00:44):
way for our bodies to protect themselves from potential threats
like a playful friend or foe. Hello, friends, and welcome

(01:08):
back to sleep Tight Science, a bedtime show that answers
your questions about science. In this episode, instead of following
a specific topic, we will spend all our time together
answering questions that listeners have sent us. There have been
so many questions that we decided to create episodes just

(01:32):
like this to answer them. Many listeners wrote us questions
related to the human body, which are the coolest, most
complex machines on Earth, and understanding what they're made of
is really important. Before we answer listener questions, we decided

(01:54):
to zoom in and first understand what the body is
made of. Our bodies are made up of trillions and
trillions of tiny building blocks called cells. These cells are
like the lego bricks of life, and they come in

(02:14):
all different shapes and sizes. Some cells help us see,
some help us breathe, and others help us move. Cells
are made up of atoms and molecules. Atoms are the
tiniest particles you can imagine, and they're like the alphabet

(02:35):
of the universe. There are about one hundred and eighteen
different types of atoms, and they combine in different ways
to make molecules, just like how letters combine to make words.
One of the most important atoms in our bodies is carbon.

(02:59):
Carbon atoms are like the building blocks of life because
they can stick together in long chains to form molecules.
These carbon based molecules are the foundation of all living things.
They make up our DNA, which contains all of the

(03:19):
instructions for how our bodies work, and they also make
up proteins, which are like the workers that keep everything
running smoothly. But we are not just carbon. We are
also made of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and a bunch of

(03:40):
other elements. These elements combine in various ways to make
up all the different molecules in our bodies. For example,
water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom, and it's essential for keeping us hydrated and

(04:01):
helping our cells function. Our skeletons are like the framework
of our bodies, and they are made primarily of calcium
and phosphorus. These minerals give our bones their strength and structure.
Without them, we'd be as floppy as a rubber chicken.

(04:26):
We would look kind of silly too. Next, our muscles
are a big part of what makes us move. They
are made up of proteins and actin and myocin that
can contract and relax to create movement. When you bend

(04:46):
your arm or jump, your muscles do all the hard work.
And let's not forget about our skin. It's the body's
largest organ, made of layers of cells called epidol dermis
and dermis. Our skin protects us from germs, helps us
feel things, and even helps us regulate our body temperature.

(05:11):
We are going to talk about the skin a bit later. Now.
Inside our bodies, we have a whole bunch of amazing organs.
These are like specialized teams of cells that work together
to do specific jobs. For example, your heart is an

(05:32):
organ that pumps blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients to
all the other parts of your body. Your lungs are
organs that help you breathe by taking an oxygen from
the air and getting rid of carbon dioxide. Our brains
are incredibly cool organs too. They're like supercomputers that control

(05:57):
everything we do, from things thinking and feeling to moving
and breathing. Our brains are mostly made of fat and water,
and they're constantly firing off electrical signals to make our
bodies function. Our bodies are made of cells, which are

(06:19):
made of atoms and molecules. These molecules, like carbon, oxygen,
and hydrogen, come together in various ways to build all
the different parts of our bodies, from our bones and
muscles to our organs and skin. Next, we will start

(06:51):
answering some of the questions listeners have sent in. First up,
we have a question from Yasmine, age five, who is
from Wellington, New Zealand. She wants to know how many
layers of skin do we have. Yasmin wrote, when you
have an old bit of skin peeling off, you have

(07:13):
more skin underneath. It's just like magic. We actually have
three layers of skin. I don't want to make you
feel hungry, but imagine you have a sandwich. The bread
on the top is like the first or outermost layer

(07:34):
of skin, called the epidermis. It's the part of our
skin we can see and touch. The epidermis is like
our bodies shield. It helps keep germs, dirt, and harmful
stuff out of our bodies. It also has special cells

(07:54):
called melanocytes that make melanin, which gives our skin its
color and helps protect us from the sun's rays. Now,
the middle part of the sandwich, like the lettuce and tomato,
is the second layer of skin, called the dermis. The
dermis is full of tiny blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands,

(08:20):
and even nerves. These nerves help us feel things like touch, heat, cold,
and pain. The blood vessels in the dermis bring oxygen
and nutrients to our skin to keep it healthy and
help it heal when it gets a cut or a scrape. Finally,

(08:42):
the bottom piece of bread is like the third layer
of skin called the subcutaneous tissue. It's made up of
fat and more blood vessels. This layer helps keep our
body at the right temperature. It acts like insulin to
keep us warm and stores extra energy. So we have

(09:06):
these three layers of skin because they work together to
do different important jobs. The epidermis protects us from the
outside world, and the dermas helps us feel things. It
keeps our skin healthy, and the subcutaneous tissue helps us
regulate our body temperature. Thank you for your question, yas mean. Jude,

(09:44):
who is four and from Doncaster in the UK, asks
why do things stick to my skin when I am sweaty?
Things stick to your skin when you're sweaty because sweat
is a bit sticky and can sometimes act like glue.
When you're hot or exercising, your body starts to sweat

(10:07):
to help cool you down. Sweat is mostly made of water,
but it also contains some minerals and tiny bits of
waste from your body. These substances can make your skin
feel a bit sticky when you touch something like a
piece of paper or a plastic toy. When you're sweaty,

(10:29):
some of that stickiness from your sweat can make things
stick to your skin. It's a bit like how glue
holds things together. The moisture from your sweat can make
the surface of your skin a little wet, and that
wetness can help things stick to it. So when you're sweaty,

(10:51):
things might stick to your skin because of the moisture
and stickiness of your sweat, But don't worry. It's just
a temporary thing and you can easily wipe it off
once you're not sweaty anymore. Sweat is actually a helpful
way for your body to cool down, even though it

(11:11):
might cause a bit of stickiness from time to time.
Did you know that sweat is actually odorless. The sweat
itself doesn't have a smell. But what's funny is that
the stickiness we associate with sweat comes from bacteria on

(11:31):
our skin. When we sweat, it creates a damp environment
on our skin, and certain bacteria love to hang out there.
These bacteria munch on the sweat and produce smelly chemicals
as a result. So it's not the sweat that smells,

(11:52):
but the bacteria having a little party on your skin
that creates those not so pleasant odors. Thank you for
the question. Jude Miller, age five, from Barry, Ontario asks

(12:13):
how does blood get made in our bodies and what
is it made of. Blood is made in a special
place inside your bones called the bone marrow. It's located
in the center of your bones like the ones in
your arms, legs, hips, and spine. Inside the bone marrow,

(12:36):
there are special cells called stem cells. These stem cells
are like the superbuilders of your body because they can
turn into many different types of cells, including the ones
that make up your blood. There are three main types
of blood cells that your body makes. First, red blood cell.

(13:01):
These are like little oxygen delivery trucks. They contain a
molecule called hemoglobin that grabs onto oxygen in your lungs
and carries it to the cells in your body. Hemoglobin
also gives blood its red color. Second are white blood cells.

(13:22):
These are your body's defenders. They help fight off germs
like bacteria and viruses to keep you healthy. White blood
cells are like the soldiers of your immune system. Third
are platelets. These are like the repair crew. When you
get a cut or a scrape, platelets rush to the

(13:46):
scene and help stop the bleeding by forming a clot.
Clots are like patches that cover the wound until it heals.
Blood is made up of a liquid part called plasma
and the different types of blood cells we just talked about.
Plasma contains important things like nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

(14:12):
Plasma carries these things around your body to where they
are needed, so your body makes blood in the bone marrow,
and blood is made up of plasma, the liquid part,
and three types of blood cells, red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets. Together they play a crucial role

(14:34):
in transporting oxygen, defending your body against infections, and helping
with wound healing. Thank you for your question, Miller. Have

(14:54):
you ever wondered why we get a brain freeze? Like
when you eat something cold ice cream too quickly. It
happens because the cold food touches the roof of your mouth,
causing blood vessels to constrict and then rapidly expand. This
quick change in blood flow can give you a sudden,

(15:16):
intense headache, which we call a brain freeze. It's like
your brain saying, hey, slow down on the ice cream.
Our last question comes from Novalie, who lives on Prince

(15:37):
Edward Island. Novalie asks a big question, how is life made? Well, Novalie,
The question of how life is made is one of
science's most profound and complex questions. Scientists have developed several

(15:57):
theories and hypotheses, but the origin of life on Earth
continues to be an actively researched area of study, and
it's a mystery that scientists are still working to unravel.
While the exact process of how life began on Earth
is still not completely understood, I can give you an

(16:20):
overview of the most widely accepted scientific theories about the
origin of life. One of the leading theories is called
a biogenesis, which suggests that life arose from non living
matter on Earth billions of years ago. The basic idea

(16:44):
is that under the right conditions, simple molecules could have
combined to form more complex molecules, eventually forming the first
living organisms. These conditions might have included a mixture of chemicals,
a source of energy like lightning or underwater hydrothermal vents,

(17:06):
and a suitable environment. Another important theory is the RNA
world hypothesis. This idea suggests that before the first true
living cells, there might have been a stage where self
replicating molecules similar to RNA, a molecule related to DNA, existed.

(17:33):
These early molecules could have carried genetic information and helped
initiate the process that led to life. Third, there is panspermia,
a different theory that proposes life might not have originated
on Earth at all. Instead, it suggests that life could

(17:55):
have started on another planet or celestial body and then
travel to Earth, perhaps on meteorites or comets. This theory
raises the possibility that life is more widespread in the universe.
It's important to note that these are theories and hypotheses,

(18:18):
and the exact details of how life began on Earth
remains a topic of ongoing research and debate among scientists.
Creating life from non life in a laboratory setting, known
as biogenesis in a lab, has been challenging. While researchers

(18:38):
have made some progress, it's still not the same as
explaining how life naturally originated on Earth. Thank you for
your question, Novale. In this episode, we explored several intriguing

(18:59):
as effects of biology and the human body. We learned
that the human body is an intricate system composed of
trillions of cells, which are made up of atoms and molecules,
with carbon being a vital element. These cells form the
foundation of our organs and tissues. We also delved into

(19:23):
the layers of our skin, discovering that it has three layers,
the protective epidermis, the middle dermis, with the blood, vessels
and nerves. And the subcutaneous tissue that helps regulate body temperature.
We discussed why things can stick to sweaty skin, uncovering

(19:45):
that sweat's slight stickiness is responsible for objects temporarily adhering
to our skin. Shifting our focus to blood, we explored
how it's made within the bone marrow, where stem cells
give rise to various types of blood cells, including red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Each type of

(20:11):
blood cell plays a unique role in our bodies, such
as carrying oxygen, defending against infections, and aiding in clotting. Lastly,
we delved into the question of how life originated. While
the exact process remains a mystery. We discussed notable theories

(20:34):
such as a biogenesis, which suggests life could arise from
non living matter under specific conditions, and the RNA world hypothesis,
proposing the role of self replicating molecules. We also explored
the idea of panspermia, where life might have originated elsewhere

(20:58):
in the universe and reached Earth. This episode was made
with questions from Yasmine, age five, who is from Wellington,
New Zealand Jude, who is four from Doncaster in the UK. Miller,
age five from Barry, Ontario and Nova Lee who lives

(21:21):
on Prince Edward Island. Thank you to Aria Korman who
is six almost seven sen and Troy in Seattle, Washington,
Danny from Des Moines, Iowa, Michael age seven from Moraga, California,
Emily eight years old from California, Sam from Edwardsville, Illinois.

(21:47):
I'm Amira Eliah age five, Fergus six years old from Australia,
and Jericho who is eight years old. We love getting
your feedback on our show. If you have any feedback,
please send it our way, and if you want to

(22:08):
make sure you get all the episodes, please ask your
parents to subscribe. You can find us on Apple podcasts
or wherever your parents listen to podcasts. And please, if
you love learning about science with us, leave us a review.
It may help others find our show. If you'd like

(22:29):
to send us your questions, please send them to Hello
at sleeptightscience dot com sleep Tight
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